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« Previous SpeciesMentha spicata var. crispa    Next SpeciesMentha suaveolens »

Plant Compounds of Mentha spicata , the Spearmint

Kingdom:  Plantae
Class:  Magnoliopsida
Order:  Lamiales
Family:  Lamiaceae
Genus:  Mentha
Author:  Linnaeus
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Bedoukain RussellIPM

Compounds:

Treatt   
 
        alpha-caryophyllene  0.1 Relative ratio of the component   USA  oil, Eromenthe 
        alpha-pinene  0.55 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpineol  0.35 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-bourbonene  0.25 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-caryophyllene  3 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-pinene  0.6 Relative ratio of the component      
        cadinol  0.05 Relative ratio of the component      
        cis-beta-ocimene  1.25 Relative ratio of the component      
        cis-isopulegone  0.5 Relative ratio of the component      
        eucalyptol  2.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        gamma-elemene  0.5 Relative ratio of the component      
        germacrene B  0.5 Relative ratio of the component      
        germacrene D  6 Relative ratio of the component      
        isomenthone  16.5 Relative ratio of the component      
        isovaleraldehyde  0.15 Relative ratio of the component      
        limonene  1.31 Relative ratio of the component      
        menthol  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        menthone  57.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        myrcene  1.8 Relative ratio of the component      
        neomenthol  1.4 Relative ratio of the component      
        octan-3-ol  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        piperitone  0.25 Relative ratio of the component      
        pulegone  3 Relative ratio of the component      
        sabinene  0.65 Relative ratio of the component      
        terpinen-4-ol  0.03 Relative ratio of the component      
        trans-beta-ocimene  0.15 Relative ratio of the component      
        trans-isopulegone  0.5 Relative ratio of the component      
 
Lawrence  1994 
 
        1R4R-isomenthone  18.2 Relative ratio of the component   USA  oil, Eromenthe 
        7Ald  0.02 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-pinene  0.49 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpinene  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpineol  0.28 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpinolene  0.03 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-bourbonene  0.32 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-caryophyllene  2.73 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-pinene  0.66 Relative ratio of the component      
        camphene  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
        cis-beta-ocimene  0.9 Relative ratio of the component      
        delta1-octen-3-ol  0.05 Relative ratio of the component      
        eucalyptol  2.51 Relative ratio of the component      
        gamma-terpinene  0.13 Relative ratio of the component      
        germacrene D  5.38 Relative ratio of the component      
        limonene  1.15 Relative ratio of the component      
        linalool  0.02 Relative ratio of the component      
        linalool acetate  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
        menthyl acetate  0.03 Relative ratio of the component      
        myrcene  1.53 Relative ratio of the component      
        neomenthol  1.29 Relative ratio of the component      
        octan-3-ol  0.15 Relative ratio of the component      
        p-cymene  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
        piperitone  0.78 Relative ratio of the component      
        pulegone  0.96 Relative ratio of the component      
        R-menthol  0.08 Relative ratio of the component      
        sabinene  0.34 Relative ratio of the component      
        S-menthone  57.82 Relative ratio of the component      
        terpinen-4-ol  0.05 Relative ratio of the component      
        viridiflorol  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
 
Pino  1998 
 
        2-p-tolylpropene  0.2 Relative ratio of the component   Havana, Cuba  oil 
        8-3Kt  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-cadinol  0.4 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-caryophyllene  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-copaene  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-cubebene  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-gurjunene  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-muurolene  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-muurolol  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-pinene  0.6 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpineol  0.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpinolene  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-thujene  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-ylangene  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
        benzaldehyde  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-bourbonene  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-caryophyllene  1.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-elemene  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-ionone  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-pinene  0.8 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-trans-bergamotene  1.5 Relative ratio of the component      
        borneol  1.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        camphene  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        carvacrol  0.4 Relative ratio of the component      
        carvenone  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        carvone  0.4 Relative ratio of the component      
        caryophyllene oxide  0.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        cis-calamenene  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        cuminaldehyde  0.4 Relative ratio of the component      
        delta1-octen-3-ol  0.7 Relative ratio of the component      
        delta3-7-2Kt  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        delta-cadinene  0.7 Relative ratio of the component      
        E-dihydrocarvone  0.4 Relative ratio of the component      
        eucalyptol  6.5 Relative ratio of the component      
        eucarvone  0.8 Relative ratio of the component      
        furyl propyl ketone  1.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        gamma-amorphene  0.5 Relative ratio of the component      
        gamma-muurolene  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
        gamma-terpinene  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        germacrene D  0.9 Relative ratio of the component      
        isopiperitenone  0.6 Relative ratio of the component      
        limonene  2.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        linalool  1 Relative ratio of the component      
        menthol  1 Relative ratio of the component      
        menthone  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        myrcene  0.7 Relative ratio of the component      
        octan-3-ol  1.7 Relative ratio of the component      
        p-cymen-8-ol  0.7 Relative ratio of the component      
        p-cymene  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        piperitenone oxide  52.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        p-mentha-2,4(8),6-trien-2,3-diol  7.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        pseudolimonene  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        sabinene  0.5 Relative ratio of the component      
        terpinen-4-ol  0.7 Relative ratio of the component      
        thymol  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        trans-2,5-diethyl-tetrahydrofuran  0.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        trans-beta-ocimene  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        Z3-6OH  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        Z-dihydrocarvone  1.4 Relative ratio of the component      
 
Kokkini  1983 
 
        8-3Ac  0.25 Relative ratio of the component   Greece  chemotype 1 
        alpha-pinene  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpineol  2.15 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-caryophyllene  5.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-pinene  0.25 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-terpineol  2.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        cadinene  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
        carvacrol  0.05 Relative ratio of the component      
        carveol  0.02 Relative ratio of the component      
        cis-linalool oxide  0.04 Relative ratio of the component      
        delta-cadinene  0.9 Relative ratio of the component      
        epoxydihydrolinalool  0.7 Relative ratio of the component      
        eucalyptol  4.8 Relative ratio of the component      
        farnesyl acetate  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
        gamma-terpinene  0.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        geraniol  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        germacrene D  2.7 Relative ratio of the component      
        isomenthone  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        limonene  0.25 Relative ratio of the component      
        linalool  69.6 Relative ratio of the component      
        me-cinnamate  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
        myrcene  5.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        naphthalene  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
        nerol  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
        octan-3-ol  0.15 Relative ratio of the component      
        p-cymene  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        sabinene  0.25 Relative ratio of the component      
        terpinen-4-ol  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
        thymol  0.05 Relative ratio of the component      
        toluene  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
        trans-dihydrocarveol  0.06 Relative ratio of the component      
        trans-linalool oxide  0.04 Relative ratio of the component      
        trans-pinocarveol  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        trans-piperitone oxide  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
 
Kokkini  1983 
 
        2-p-tolylpropene  0.01 Relative ratio of the component   Greece  chemotype 2 
        8-3Ac  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-copaene  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpinolene  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
        amyl valerate  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-bourbonene  2.6 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-caryophyllene  2.5 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-pinene  1.4 Relative ratio of the component      
        camphene  0.04 Relative ratio of the component      
        carvone  42.8 Relative ratio of the component      
        dihydrocarvone  15.7 Relative ratio of the component      
        eucalyptol  5.8 Relative ratio of the component      
        gamma-terpinene  0.04 Relative ratio of the component      
        limonene  0.9 Relative ratio of the component      
        myrcene  2.6 Relative ratio of the component      
        p-cymene  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
        perilla alcohol  4.5 Relative ratio of the component      
        terpinyl acetate  4.5 Relative ratio of the component      
        trans-beta-ocimene  0.15 Relative ratio of the component      
        trans-dihydrocarveol  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        trans-piperitone oxide  0.02 Relative ratio of the component      
 
Kokkini  1983 
 
        2-p-tolylpropene  0.01 Relative ratio of the component   Greece  chemotype 3 
        8-3Ac  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        9Ald  0.05 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-copaene  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-pinene  1 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpinolene  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-bourbonene  0.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-caryophyllene  1 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-pinene  1.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        bornyl acetate  0.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        camphene  0.02 Relative ratio of the component      
        delta-cadinene  1 Relative ratio of the component      
        dihydrocarveol  1.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        eucalyptol  3.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        gamma-terpinene  0.15 Relative ratio of the component      
        germacrene D  5 Relative ratio of the component      
        hexenyl acetate  0.05 Relative ratio of the component      
        isomenthone  0.05 Relative ratio of the component      
        limonene  2.6 Relative ratio of the component      
        me-cinnamate  0.05 Relative ratio of the component      
        menthone  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        myrcene  0.65 Relative ratio of the component      
        octan-3-ol  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        p-cymene  0.02 Relative ratio of the component      
        piperitenone  0.7 Relative ratio of the component      
        piperitenone oxide  2.5 Relative ratio of the component      
        piperitone  0.9 Relative ratio of the component      
        piperitone oxide  63 Relative ratio of the component      
        pulegone  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        sabinene  0.6 Relative ratio of the component      
        terpinen-4-ol  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
 
Kokkini  1983 
 
        2-p-tolylpropene  0.02 Relative ratio of the component   Greece  chemotype 4 
        8-3Ac  0.25 Relative ratio of the component      
        9Ald  0.06 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-copaene  0.37 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-pinene  0.6 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpinolene  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-bourbonene  0.55 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-caryophyllene  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-pinene  0.9 Relative ratio of the component      
        bornyl acetate  0.5 Relative ratio of the component      
        camphene  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
        delta-cadinene  1.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        dihydrocarveol  1.75 Relative ratio of the component      
        eucalyptol  1.5 Relative ratio of the component      
        gamma-terpinene  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        germacrene D  6.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        hexyl isovalerate  0.13 Relative ratio of the component      
        limonene  1.5 Relative ratio of the component      
        me-cinnamate  0.03 Relative ratio of the component      
        menthone  0.17 Relative ratio of the component      
        myrcene  0.7 Relative ratio of the component      
        octan-3-ol  0.15 Relative ratio of the component      
        p-cymene  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        piperitenone oxide  67.25 Relative ratio of the component      
        piperitone  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        piperitone oxide  0.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        pulegone  0.15 Relative ratio of the component      
        sabinene  0.6 Relative ratio of the component      
        terpinen-4-ol  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        trans-isopulegone  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
 
Kokkini  1983 
 
        8-3Ac  0.2 Relative ratio of the component   Greece  chemotype 5 
        9Ald  0.07 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-pinene  0.8 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpineol  0.9 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpinolene  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-caryophyllene  2.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-pinene  1.25 Relative ratio of the component      
        camphene  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
        cis-beta-ocimene  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
        eucalyptol  5.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        gamma-terpinene  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
        germacrene D  2.15 Relative ratio of the component      
        hexyl isovalerate  0.75 Relative ratio of the component      
        hexyl pentanoate  4.25 Relative ratio of the component      
        limonene  1.45 Relative ratio of the component      
        linalool  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        menthol  7.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        menthone  31.5 Relative ratio of the component      
        menthyl acetate  0.05 Relative ratio of the component      
        myrcene  0.04 Relative ratio of the component      
        octan-3-ol  0.5 Relative ratio of the component      
        p-cymene  0.02 Relative ratio of the component      
        piperitenone  0.55 Relative ratio of the component      
        piperitone  0.6 Relative ratio of the component      
        pulegone  15.6 Relative ratio of the component      
        sabinene  0.58 Relative ratio of the component      
        trans-beta-ocimene  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
        trans-isopulegone  8.8 Relative ratio of the component      
 
Kokkini  1983 
 
        8-3Ac  0.44 Relative ratio of the component   Greece  oil 
        alpha-pinene  0.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpinene  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpineol  0.8 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpinolene  0.12 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-caryophyllene  2.6 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-pinene  0.7 Relative ratio of the component      
        cis-beta-ocimene  0.03 Relative ratio of the component      
        delta-cadinene  0.6 Relative ratio of the component      
        eucalyptol  6.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        gamma-terpinene  0.13 Relative ratio of the component      
        germacrene D  3.4 Relative ratio of the component      
        isomenthone  0.8 Relative ratio of the component      
        limonene  2.8 Relative ratio of the component      
        linalool  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        menthofuran  12 Relative ratio of the component      
        menthol  15 Relative ratio of the component      
        menthone  6.6 Relative ratio of the component      
        menthyl acetate  9 Relative ratio of the component      
        myrcene  1.15 Relative ratio of the component      
        octan-3-ol  0.04 Relative ratio of the component      
        p-cymene  0.26 Relative ratio of the component      
        piperitenone  0.06 Relative ratio of the component      
        piperitone  0.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        piperitone oxide  0.9 Relative ratio of the component      
        pulegone  13 Relative ratio of the component      
        sabinene  0.4 Relative ratio of the component      
        trans-beta-ocimene  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
 
Zhu  1995 
 
        alpha-caryophyllene  0.09 Relative ratio of the component   China  oil 
        alpha-pinene  0.06 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpineol  0.26 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-bourbonene  1.5 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-caryophyllene  1.58 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-cubebene  0.17 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-elemene  0.31 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-pinene  0.08 Relative ratio of the component      
        calamenene  0.16 Relative ratio of the component      
        carveol  0.82 Relative ratio of the component      
        carvone  76.54 Relative ratio of the component      
        carvyl acetate  0.14 Relative ratio of the component      
        dihydrocarveol acetate  0.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        E-dihydrocarvone  0.17 Relative ratio of the component      
        geranyl acetate  0.18 Relative ratio of the component      
        lavandulol  1.05 Relative ratio of the component      
        limonene  6.79 Relative ratio of the component      
        linalool  0.12 Relative ratio of the component      
        menthol  1.46 Relative ratio of the component      
        menthone  1.86 Relative ratio of the component      
        menthyl acetate  0.29 Relative ratio of the component      
        piperitone  0.14 Relative ratio of the component      
        terpinen-4-ol  0.21 Relative ratio of the component      
        Z-dihydrocarvone  1.82 Relative ratio of the component      
 
Maffei  1986 
 
        alpha-copaene  0.98 Relative ratio of the component   Michigan, USA  oil 
        alpha-pinene  0.22 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpinene  0.06 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpineol  2.73 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpinolene  0.09 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-thujene  0.03 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-bourbonene  1.04 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-caryophyllene  1.61 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-pinene  0.33 Relative ratio of the component      
        carvone  39.13 Relative ratio of the component      
        cis-carveol  0.26 Relative ratio of the component      
        delta1-octen-3-ol  0.12 Relative ratio of the component      
        eucalyptol  1.07 Relative ratio of the component      
        germacrene D  4.11 Relative ratio of the component      
        jasmone  0.26 Relative ratio of the component      
        limonene  5.9 Relative ratio of the component      
        linalool  0.84 Relative ratio of the component      
        myrcene  1.11 Relative ratio of the component      
        neoisodihydrocarveol  3.93 Relative ratio of the component      
        octan-3-ol  0.56 Relative ratio of the component      
        p-cymene  0.24 Relative ratio of the component      
        sabinene  0.26 Relative ratio of the component      
        sabinene hydrate  0.8 Relative ratio of the component      
        terpinen-4-ol  6.14 Relative ratio of the component      
        trans-carveol  0.22 Relative ratio of the component      
        trans-carvyl acetate  5.9 Relative ratio of the component      
        trans-dihydrocarveol  5.94 Relative ratio of the component      
        Z-dihydrocarvone  3.14 Relative ratio of the component      
 
Pino  2001 
 
        2-p-tolylpropene  0.05 Relative ratio of the component   Santa Amita, Jalisco, Mexico  oil 
        3-carene  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        8-3Ac  0.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-caryophyllene  0.6 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-pinene  0.9 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpinene  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpineol  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpinolene  0.05 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-thujene  0.05 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-bourbonene  2.9 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-caryophyllene  9.5 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-elemene  0.7 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-pinene  1.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        bicyclogermacrene  0.9 Relative ratio of the component      
        carvone  36.4 Relative ratio of the component      
        carvone oxide  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        caryophyllene oxide  1.5 Relative ratio of the component      
        cis-beta-ocimene  0.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        cis-carveol  0.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        cis-carvyl acetate  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        cis-jasmone  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        cis-sabinene hydrate  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        delta1-8-3Ac  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        delta1-octen-3-ol  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        dihydrocarveol acetate  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        dihydroedulan I  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        dihydroedulan II  0.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        E-beta-farnesene  0.4 Relative ratio of the component      
        E-dihydrocarvone  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        epi-bicyclosesquiphellandrene  2 Relative ratio of the component      
        eucalyptol  9 Relative ratio of the component      
        eugenol  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        gamma-terpinene  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        germacrene A  1.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        isocaryophyllene  0.4 Relative ratio of the component      
        isomenthone  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        limonene  14.5 Relative ratio of the component      
        linalool  0.05 Relative ratio of the component      
        menthol  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        menthone  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        myrcene  0.9 Relative ratio of the component      
        octan-3-ol  0.6 Relative ratio of the component      
        p-cymene  0.05 Relative ratio of the component      
        piperitenone  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        pulegone  4 Relative ratio of the component      
        sabinene  1.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        spathulenol  0.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        terpinen-4-ol  0.6 Relative ratio of the component      
        trans-beta-ocimene  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        trans-carvyl acetate  4 Relative ratio of the component      
        trans-dihydrocarveol  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        trans-sabinene hydrate  0.8 Relative ratio of the component      
        Z3-6OH  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
 
Reference(s):

Kokkini, S. 1983. Taxonomic studies in the genus Mentha in Greece. Thesis Uni. Tessaloniki.
 
Lawrence, B.M. 1993. Progress in essential oils. 1994. Perfum. Flavor. 19(4):41-45.
 
Maffei, M., Codignola, A., and Fieschi, M. 1986. Essential oil from Mentha spicata L. (spearmint) cultivated in Italy. Flavour Fragr. J. 1(3):105-109.
 
Pino, J.A., Borges, P., Mart�nez, M., Vargas, M., Flores, H., Estarr�n, M., and Fuentes, V. 2001. Essential oil of Mentha spicata L. from Jalisco. J. Essent. Oil Res. 13(6):409-410.
 
Pino, J.A., Rosado, A., and S�nchez, E., 1998. Essential oil of Mentha spicata L. from Cuba. J. Essent. Oil Res. 10(6):657-659.
 
Treatt, R.C. 1992. Provisional data sheet eromenth oil.
 
Zhu, L., Li, Y., Li, B., Lu, B. 1995. Aromatic plants and essential constituents. (Supplement 1). South China Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Peace Book Co. Ltd., Hong Kong. 61.
 
 
Citation: El-Sayed AM 2025. The Pherobase: Database of Pheromones and Semiochemicals. <http://www.pherobase.com>.
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