Plant Compounds of Cuminum cyminum (Apiales: Apiaceae) Cumin

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Plant Compounds of Cuminum cyminum , the Cumin

Kingdom:	Plantae
Class:	Magnoliopsida
Order:	Apiales
Family:	Apiaceae
Genus:	Cuminum
Author:	Linnaeus

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Compounds:

Zhu 1993

alpha-pinene	0.81 �Relative ratio of the component�	China	oil
alpha-terpineol	0.5 �Relative ratio of the component�
beta-pinene	6.8 �Relative ratio of the component�
cuminaldehyde	43.48 �Relative ratio of the component�
eucalyptol	0.2 �Relative ratio of the component�
gamma-terpinene	1.39 �Relative ratio of the component�
limonene	0.23 �Relative ratio of the component�
p-cymene	22.28 �Relative ratio of the component�
p-isopropylbenzoic acid	0.83 �Relative ratio of the component�
p-isopropylphenol	0.63 �Relative ratio of the component�
terpinen-4-ol	0.34 �Relative ratio of the component�

El-Wakeil 1986

1,3-p-menthadien-7-al	15 �Relative ratio of the component�	Egypt	oil
1,4-p-menthadien-7-al	10 �Relative ratio of the component�
3-p-menthen-7-al	2.5 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-phellandrene	0.1 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-pinene	1 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-terpinene	0.1 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-terpineol	0.1 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-thujene	0.1 �Relative ratio of the component�
beta-pinene	15 �Relative ratio of the component�
cuminaldehyde	20 �Relative ratio of the component�
gamma-terpinene	25 �Relative ratio of the component�
limonene	0.5 �Relative ratio of the component�
linalool	0.1 �Relative ratio of the component�
myrcene	0.3 �Relative ratio of the component�
p-cymene	10 �Relative ratio of the component�
sabinene	0.1 �Relative ratio of the component�
terpinen-4-ol	0.1 �Relative ratio of the component�

Baser 1992

1,3-p-menthadien-7-al	9.07 �Relative ratio of the component�	Egypt	oil
1,4-p-menthadien-7-al	5.57 �Relative ratio of the component�
3-carene	0.03 �Relative ratio of the component�
3-p-menthen-7-al	0.7 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-phellandrene	5 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-pinene	0.93 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-terpinene	0.18 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-terpineol	0.12 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-terpinolene	0.13 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-trans-bergamotene	0.15 �Relative ratio of the component�
beta-phellandrene	0.94 �Relative ratio of the component�
beta-pinene	9.68 �Relative ratio of the component�
camphene	0.07 �Relative ratio of the component�
cis-sabinene hydrate	0.08 �Relative ratio of the component�
cuminaldehyde	19.86 �Relative ratio of the component�
gamma-terpinene	18.04 �Relative ratio of the component�
isocaryophyllene	1.11 �Relative ratio of the component�
limonene	0.85 �Relative ratio of the component�
linalool	0.01 �Relative ratio of the component�
myrcene	2.32 �Relative ratio of the component�
p-cymen-7-ol	0.54 �Relative ratio of the component�
p-cymene	9.29 �Relative ratio of the component�
p-isopropylphenol	0.46 �Relative ratio of the component�
sabinene	0.29 �Relative ratio of the component�
terpinen-4-ol	0.12 �Relative ratio of the component�
thymol	0.05 �Relative ratio of the component�
trans-sabinene hydrate	0.05 �Relative ratio of the component�
Z-beta-farnesene	0.44 �Relative ratio of the component�

Analytical Methods Committee 1993

1,3-p-menthadien-7-al	11 �Relative ratio of the component�	Egypt	oil
1,4-p-menthadien-7-al	8.9 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-phellandrene	1.4 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-pinene	1 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-terpinene	0.1 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-terpineol	0.3 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-terpinolene	0.1 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-thujene	0.2 �Relative ratio of the component�
beta-caryophyllene	0.3 �Relative ratio of the component�
beta-farnesene	0.4 �Relative ratio of the component�
beta-phellandrene	0.3 �Relative ratio of the component�
beta-pinene	21 �Relative ratio of the component�
carotol	0.5 �Relative ratio of the component�
cuminaldehyde	21 �Relative ratio of the component�
eucalyptol	0.2 �Relative ratio of the component�
gamma-terpinene	20 �Relative ratio of the component�
limonene	0.7 �Relative ratio of the component�
myrcene	1.1 �Relative ratio of the component�
p-cymen-7-ol	0.2 �Relative ratio of the component�
p-cymene	9.7 �Relative ratio of the component�
terpinen-4-ol	0.5 �Relative ratio of the component�

Shaath 1993

1,3-p-menthadien-7-al	5.84 �Relative ratio of the component�	Egypt	oil
1,4-p-menthadien-7-al	17.36 �Relative ratio of the component�
3-p-menthen-7-al	3.83 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-phellandrene	0.63 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-pinene	0.78 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-terpineol	0.05 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-terpinolene	0.11 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-thujene	0.28 �Relative ratio of the component�
beta-caryophyllene	0.2 �Relative ratio of the component�
beta-phellandrene	0.3 �Relative ratio of the component�
beta-pinene	14.64 �Relative ratio of the component�
beta-trans-bergamotene	0.31 �Relative ratio of the component�
camphene	0.01 �Relative ratio of the component�
cuminaldehyde	25.01 �Relative ratio of the component�
gamma-terpinene	19.12 �Relative ratio of the component�
limonene	0.37 �Relative ratio of the component�
myrcene	0.92 �Relative ratio of the component�
p-cymene	4.91 �Relative ratio of the component�
sabinene	0.4 �Relative ratio of the component�
terpinen-4-ol	0.16 �Relative ratio of the component�

Baser 1992

1,3-p-menthadien-7-al	9.1 �Relative ratio of the component�	India	seed
1,4-p-menthadien-7-al	2.66 �Relative ratio of the component�
3-carene	0.03 �Relative ratio of the component�
3-p-menthen-7-al	0.58 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-phellandrene	0.33 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-pinene	0.58 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-terpinene	0.12 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-terpineol	0.07 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-terpinolene	0.05 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-trans-bergamotene	0.06 �Relative ratio of the component�
beta-phellandrene	0.28 �Relative ratio of the component�
beta-pinene	8.9 �Relative ratio of the component�
bornyl acetate	0.05 �Relative ratio of the component�
camphene	0.03 �Relative ratio of the component�
cis-sabinene hydrate	0.05 �Relative ratio of the component�
cuminaldehyde	25.5 �Relative ratio of the component�
gamma-terpinene	30 �Relative ratio of the component�
isocaryophyllene	0.08 �Relative ratio of the component�
limonene	0.32 �Relative ratio of the component�
linalool	0.04 �Relative ratio of the component�
myrcene	0.33 �Relative ratio of the component�
p-cymen-7-ol	0.21 �Relative ratio of the component�
p-cymene	16 �Relative ratio of the component�
p-isopropylphenol	0.08 �Relative ratio of the component�
sabinene	0.33 �Relative ratio of the component�
terpinen-4-ol	0.12 �Relative ratio of the component�
thymol	0.04 �Relative ratio of the component�
trans-sabinene hydrate	0.03 �Relative ratio of the component�
Z-beta-farnesene	0.21 �Relative ratio of the component�

Agarwal 1979

alpha-pinene	0.03 �Relative ratio of the component�	India	oil
alpha-terpinene	0.68 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-terpineol	2.75 �Relative ratio of the component�
benzyl cinnamate	4.47 �Relative ratio of the component�
beta-caryophyllene	0.48 �Relative ratio of the component�
beta-phellandrene	0.93 �Relative ratio of the component�
beta-pinene	0.16 �Relative ratio of the component�
bornyl acetate	0.12 �Relative ratio of the component�
carveol	1.45 �Relative ratio of the component�
caryophyllene oxide	0.01 �Relative ratio of the component�
cis-sabinene hydrate	0.69 �Relative ratio of the component�
cuminaldehyde	27.72 �Relative ratio of the component�
eucalyptol	0.46 �Relative ratio of the component�
farnesol	2.98 �Relative ratio of the component�
gamma-terpinene	0.58 �Relative ratio of the component�
limonene	2.32 �Relative ratio of the component�
linalool	1.06 �Relative ratio of the component�
me-cinnamate	0.46 �Relative ratio of the component�
myrcene	0.12 �Relative ratio of the component�
p-anisaldehyde	2.79 �Relative ratio of the component�
p-cymene	42.13 �Relative ratio of the component�
perilla aldehyde	1.12 �Relative ratio of the component�
piperitol	1.72 �Relative ratio of the component�
piperitone	1.72 �Relative ratio of the component�
sabinene	3.38 �Relative ratio of the component�
trans-sabinene hydrate	0.29 �Relative ratio of the component�

Pappas 2024

1,3-p-menthadien-7-al	17.77 �Relative ratio of the component�	Iran	oil
1,4-p-menthadien-7-al	8.76 �Relative ratio of the component�
3-p-menthen-7-al	1.55 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-phellandrene	0.47 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-pinene	0.7 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-terpinene	0.16 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-thujene	0.21 �Relative ratio of the component�
beta-pinene	16.53 �Relative ratio of the component�
cuminaldehyde	21.76 �Relative ratio of the component�
gamma-terpinene	22.45 �Relative ratio of the component�
limonene	0.47 �Relative ratio of the component�
linalool	0.01 �Relative ratio of the component�
myrcene	0.89 �Relative ratio of the component�
p-cymene	5.66 �Relative ratio of the component�
sabinene	0.53 �Relative ratio of the component�
terpinen-4-ol	0.14 �Relative ratio of the component�

Karim 1976

1,3-p-menthadien-7-al	12.3 �Relative ratio of the component�	Pakistan	oil
1,4-p-menthadien-7-al	23.95 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-pinene	0.9 �Relative ratio of the component�
beta-pinene	17 �Relative ratio of the component�
cuminaldehyde	21.2 �Relative ratio of the component�
gamma-terpinene	13.9 �Relative ratio of the component�
limonene	0.95 �Relative ratio of the component�
p-cymen-7-ol	5.45 �Relative ratio of the component�
p-cymene	4.35 �Relative ratio of the component�

Baser 1992

1,3-p-menthadien-7-al	8.2 �Relative ratio of the component�	Polatli, Ankara, Turkey	oil, 2
1,4-p-menthadien-7-al	40.1 �Relative ratio of the component�
3-carene	0.02 �Relative ratio of the component�
3-p-menthen-7-al	0.4 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-phellandrene	1.1 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-pinene	0.36 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-terpinene	0.06 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-terpineol	0.06 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-terpinolene	0.03 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-trans-bergamotene	0.01 �Relative ratio of the component�
beta-phellandrene	0.31 �Relative ratio of the component�
beta-pinene	5.05 �Relative ratio of the component�
bornyl acetate	0.01 �Relative ratio of the component�
camphene	0.03 �Relative ratio of the component�
carvacrol	0.01 �Relative ratio of the component�
cis-sabinene hydrate	0.15 �Relative ratio of the component�
cuminaldehyde	22.55 �Relative ratio of the component�
gamma-terpinene	9.4 �Relative ratio of the component�
isocaryophyllene	0.04 �Relative ratio of the component�
limonene	0.33 �Relative ratio of the component�
linalool	0.05 �Relative ratio of the component�
myrcene	0.5 �Relative ratio of the component�
p-cymen-7-ol	0.5 �Relative ratio of the component�
p-cymene	6.5 �Relative ratio of the component�
p-isopropylphenol	0.1 �Relative ratio of the component�
sabinene	0.38 �Relative ratio of the component�
terpinen-4-ol	0.19 �Relative ratio of the component�
thymol	0.02 �Relative ratio of the component�
trans-sabinene hydrate	0.1 �Relative ratio of the component�
Z-beta-farnesene	0.04 �Relative ratio of the component�

Baser 1992

1,4-p-menthadien-7-al	31.24 �Relative ratio of the component�	Polatli, Ankara, Turkey	oil, 1
3-carene	0.03 �Relative ratio of the component�
3-p-menthen-7-al	0.4 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-phellandrene	1.45 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-pinene	0.38 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-terpinene	0.06 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-terpineol	0.06 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-terpinolene	0.04 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-trans-bergamotene	0.07 �Relative ratio of the component�
beta-phellandrene	0.22 �Relative ratio of the component�
beta-pinene	7.7 �Relative ratio of the component�
bornyl acetate	0.01 �Relative ratio of the component�
camphene	0.03 �Relative ratio of the component�
cis-sabinene hydrate	0.14 �Relative ratio of the component�
cuminaldehyde	22.9 �Relative ratio of the component�
gamma-terpinene	14.35 �Relative ratio of the component�
isocaryophyllene	0.22 �Relative ratio of the component�
limonene	0.28 �Relative ratio of the component�
linalool	0.03 �Relative ratio of the component�
myrcene	0.55 �Relative ratio of the component�
p-cymen-7-ol	0.38 �Relative ratio of the component�
p-cymene	6.26 �Relative ratio of the component�
p-isopropylphenol	0.1 �Relative ratio of the component�
sabinene	0.4 �Relative ratio of the component�
terpinen-4-ol	0.17 �Relative ratio of the component�
thymol	0.02 �Relative ratio of the component�
trans-sabinene hydrate	0.06 �Relative ratio of the component�
Z-beta-farnesene	0.39 �Relative ratio of the component�

Baser 1992

1,3-p-menthadien-7-al	11.78 �Relative ratio of the component�	India	oil
1,4-p-menthadien-7-al	40.61 �Relative ratio of the component�
3-carene	0.01 �Relative ratio of the component�
3-p-menthen-7-al	0.37 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-phellandrene	0.57 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-pinene	0.18 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-terpinene	0.04 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-terpineol	0.07 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-terpinolene	0.03 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-trans-bergamotene	0.01 �Relative ratio of the component�
beta-phellandrene	0.2 �Relative ratio of the component�
beta-pinene	2.98 �Relative ratio of the component�
camphene	0.03 �Relative ratio of the component�
cis-sabinene hydrate	0.14 �Relative ratio of the component�
cuminaldehyde	25.93 �Relative ratio of the component�
gamma-terpinene	7.06 �Relative ratio of the component�
isocaryophyllene	0.04 �Relative ratio of the component�
limonene	0.2 �Relative ratio of the component�
linalool	0.03 �Relative ratio of the component�
myrcene	0.4 �Relative ratio of the component�
p-cymen-7-ol	0.51 �Relative ratio of the component�
p-cymene	4.97 �Relative ratio of the component�
p-isopropylphenol	0.13 �Relative ratio of the component�
sabinene	0.22 �Relative ratio of the component�
terpinen-4-ol	0.16 �Relative ratio of the component�
thymol	0.02 �Relative ratio of the component�
trans-sabinene hydrate	0.1 �Relative ratio of the component�
Z-beta-farnesene	0.07 �Relative ratio of the component�

Baser 1992

1,3-p-menthadien-7-al	8.28 �Relative ratio of the component�	Karaman, Konya, Turkey	oil
1,4-p-menthadien-7-al	30 �Relative ratio of the component�
3-carene	0.02 �Relative ratio of the component�
3-p-menthen-7-al	0.46 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-phellandrene	0.9 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-pinene	0.36 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-terpinene	0.05 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-terpineol	0.05 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-terpinolene	0.04 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-trans-bergamotene	0.08 �Relative ratio of the component�
beta-phellandrene	0.24 �Relative ratio of the component�
beta-pinene	7.47 �Relative ratio of the component�
bornyl acetate	0.01 �Relative ratio of the component�
camphene	0.03 �Relative ratio of the component�
cis-sabinene hydrate	0.18 �Relative ratio of the component�
cuminaldehyde	23.76 �Relative ratio of the component�
gamma-terpinene	14.9 �Relative ratio of the component�
isocaryophyllene	0.23 �Relative ratio of the component�
limonene	0.28 �Relative ratio of the component�
linalool	0.03 �Relative ratio of the component�
myrcene	0.59 �Relative ratio of the component�
p-cymen-7-ol	0.53 �Relative ratio of the component�
p-cymene	6.11 �Relative ratio of the component�
p-isopropylphenol	0.1 �Relative ratio of the component�
sabinene	0.4 �Relative ratio of the component�
terpinen-4-ol	0.13 �Relative ratio of the component�
thymol	0.02 �Relative ratio of the component�
trans-sabinene hydrate	0.08 �Relative ratio of the component�
Z-beta-farnesene	0.41 �Relative ratio of the component�

Baser 1992

1,3-p-menthadien-7-al	12.8 �Relative ratio of the component�	Polatli, Ankara, Turkey	oil, 3
1,4-p-menthadien-7-al	5.85 �Relative ratio of the component�
3-carene	0.05 �Relative ratio of the component�
3-p-menthen-7-al	2.1 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-phellandrene	1.5 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-pinene	1.09 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-terpinene	0.14 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-terpineol	0.08 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-terpinolene	0.06 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-trans-bergamotene	0.08 �Relative ratio of the component�
beta-phellandrene	0.48 �Relative ratio of the component�
beta-pinene	15.9 �Relative ratio of the component�
bornyl acetate	0.03 �Relative ratio of the component�
camphene	0.04 �Relative ratio of the component�
carvacrol	0.04 �Relative ratio of the component�
cis-sabinene hydrate	0.12 �Relative ratio of the component�
cuminaldehyde	24.2 �Relative ratio of the component�
gamma-terpinene	21.1 �Relative ratio of the component�
isocaryophyllene	0.3 �Relative ratio of the component�
limonene	0.42 �Relative ratio of the component�
linalool	0.03 �Relative ratio of the component�
myrcene	0.9 �Relative ratio of the component�
p-cymen-7-ol	0.46 �Relative ratio of the component�
p-cymene	6.7 �Relative ratio of the component�
p-isopropylphenol	0.08 �Relative ratio of the component�
sabinene	0.77 �Relative ratio of the component�
terpinen-4-ol	0.15 �Relative ratio of the component�
thymol	0.01 �Relative ratio of the component�
trans-sabinene hydrate	0.05 �Relative ratio of the component�
Z-beta-farnesene	0.38 �Relative ratio of the component�

Baser 1992

1,3-p-menthadien-7-al	8.43 �Relative ratio of the component�	Antalya,Turkey	seed
1,4-p-menthadien-7-al	2.23 �Relative ratio of the component�
3-carene	0.02 �Relative ratio of the component�
3-p-menthen-7-al	0.93 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-phellandrene	1.05 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-pinene	0.63 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-terpinene	0.07 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-terpineol	0.15 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-terpinolene	0.06 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-trans-bergamotene	0.16 �Relative ratio of the component�
beta-phellandrene	0.44 �Relative ratio of the component�
beta-pinene	7.89 �Relative ratio of the component�
bornyl acetate	0.06 �Relative ratio of the component�
camphene	0.03 �Relative ratio of the component�
cis-sabinene hydrate	0.08 �Relative ratio of the component�
cuminaldehyde	40.07 �Relative ratio of the component�
gamma-terpinene	11.2 �Relative ratio of the component�
isocaryophyllene	0.52 �Relative ratio of the component�
limonene	0.43 �Relative ratio of the component�
myrcene	1 �Relative ratio of the component�
p-cymen-7-ol	2.21 �Relative ratio of the component�
p-cymene	9.38 �Relative ratio of the component�
p-isopropylphenol	0.33 �Relative ratio of the component�
sabinene	0.27 �Relative ratio of the component�
terpinen-4-ol	0.18 �Relative ratio of the component�
thymol	0.07 �Relative ratio of the component�
trans-sabinene hydrate	0.04 �Relative ratio of the component�
Z-beta-farnesene	0.67 �Relative ratio of the component�

Borges 1993

alpha-phellandrene	0.2 �Relative ratio of the component�	Turkey	oil
alpha-pinene	1.2 �Relative ratio of the component�
alpha-terpineol	0.05 �Relative ratio of the component�
benzyl cinnamate	0.05 �Relative ratio of the component�
beta-caryophyllene	0.1 �Relative ratio of the component�
beta-pinene	19.9 �Relative ratio of the component�
bornyl acetate	0.2 �Relative ratio of the component�
cuminaldehyde	18.7 �Relative ratio of the component�
estragole	0.05 �Relative ratio of the component�
eucalyptol	0.4 �Relative ratio of the component�
gamma-terpinene	29.1 �Relative ratio of the component�
limonene	0.3 �Relative ratio of the component�
linalool	0.05 �Relative ratio of the component�
myrcene	1.5 �Relative ratio of the component�
p-cymene	25.2 �Relative ratio of the component�
perilla aldehyde	2.4 �Relative ratio of the component�
terpinen-4-ol	0.05 �Relative ratio of the component�

Reference(s):

Agarwal, S.G., Thappa, R.K., Dhar, K.L., and Atal, C.K. 1979. Essential oils of the seeds of Bunium bulbocastanum L., Carum gracile Lindle and Cuminum cyminum L. Indian Perfum. 23(1):34-47.

Analytical Methods Committee. 1993. Application of gas�liquid chromatography to the analysis of essential oils. Part XVI. Monographs for five essential oils. Analyst. 118:1089-1098.

Baser, K.H.C., K�rk��oglu, M., and �zek, T. 1992. Composition of the Turkish cumin seed oil. J. Essent. Oil Res. 4(2):133-138.

Borges, P., and Pino, J. 1993. The isolation of volatile oil from cumin seeds by steam distillation. Nahrung. 37(2):123-126.

El-Wakeil, F., Khairy, M., Morsi, S., Farag, R.S., Shihata, A.A., and Badel, A.Z.M.A. 1986. Biochemical studies on the essential oils of some fruits of Umbellifereae family. Seifen, Oele, Fette, Wachse. 112(3):77-80.

Karim, A., Perrez, M., and Bhatty, M.K. 1976. Studies on the essential oil of the Pakistan species of the family Umbelliferae. Cuminum cyminium seed oil. Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 19:239-242.

Pappas, R.S. 2024. Cumin oil from Iran. https://essentialoils.org/db.

Shaath, N.A., and Azzo, N.R. 1993. Essential oils of Egypt. In: Food Flavors, Ingredients and Composition, eds. Charalambous, G. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherland. 591-603.

Zhu, L., Li, Y., Li, B., Lu, B., and Xia, N. 1993. Aromatic plants and essential constituents. South China Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Peace Book Co. Ltd., Hong Kong. 139.

Citation: El-Sayed AM 2025. The Pherobase: Database of Pheromones and Semiochemicals. <http://www.pherobase.com>.
Ⓒ 2003-2025 The Pherobase - Extensive Database of Pheromones and Semiochemicals. Ashraf M. El-Sayed.
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