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« Previous GenusPaphies    Next GenusPappognatha »

Semiochemicals of Genus Papilio

Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Uniramia
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Papilionidae
Subfamily: Papilioninae
Tribe: Papilionini
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Bedoukain RussellIPM

Semiochemical(s):

Papilio aegeus Donovan
 
               Seligman IM  1972  Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B  42: 341   
    3-hydroxybutanoic acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   Al
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
  
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Defense substance 
 
 
Papilio bianor Cramer
 
               Inoue TA  2023  J. Chem. Ecol.  49: 397   
    linalool    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   A
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
  
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Honsh� and Ky�sh�, Japan 
 
               Ono H  2000  Biosci. Biotechn. Biochem.  64: 1970   
    2R3R-dihydroxy-2me-g-butyrolactone    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   K
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
  
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Oviposition stimulant 
 
               Honda K  1981  J. Chem. Ecol.  7: 1089   
    alpha-pinene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   P
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
   		Larvae 4th instar
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Osmeterial secretion 
    sabinene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    myrcene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    limonene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    beta-phellandrene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    cis-beta-ocimene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    trans-beta-ocimene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    acetic acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    me-3-hydroxybutanoate    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    beta-caryophyllene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    beta-selinene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    E,E-alpha-farnesene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    germacrene A    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    germacrene B    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
               Honda K  1981  J. Chem. Ecol.  7: 1089   
    methyl isobutyrate    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   P
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
   		Larvae 5th instar
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Osmeterial secretion 
    me-2me-butanoate    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    2me-4Acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    ethyl isobutyrate    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    ethyl 2me-butanoate    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    acetic acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    isobutyric acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    isovaleric acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
 
Papilio cresphontes Cramer
 
               Eisner T  1970  Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am.  63: 914   
    isobutyric acid    40 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   Al
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
   		Caterpillar
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Defense substance 
    2me-4Acid    60 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
 
Papilio demodocus Esper
 
               Burger BV  1985  J. Chem. Ecol.  11: 1093   
    me-3-hydroxybutanoate    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   Al
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
  
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Defense substance 
    3-hydroxybutanoic acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    alpha-pinene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    myrcene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    limonene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    beta-phellandrene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    cis-beta-ocimene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    trans-beta-ocimene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    beta-caryophyllene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    E-beta-farnesene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    germacrene A    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
               Eisner T  1970  Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am.  63: 914   
    isobutyric acid    45 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   Al
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
   		Caterpillar
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Defense substance 
    2me-4Acid    55 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
 
Papilio demoleus Linnaeus
 
               Omura H  2006  J. Chem. Ecol.  32: 1999   
    methyl isobutyrate    28.9 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   Al
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
   		Larvae 5th instar
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Defense substance 
    me-2me-butanoate    8 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    isobutyric acid    33 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    2me-4Acid    30 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    ethyl isobutyrate    0.1 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    ethyl 2me-butanoate    0.1 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
               Omura H  2006  J. Chem. Ecol.  32: 1999   
    germacrene A    37.1 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   Al
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
   		Larvae 4th instar
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Defense substance 
    beta-elemene    28.8 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    methyl isobutyrate    28.9 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    me-3-hydroxybutanoate    20.3 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    myrcene    0.2 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    beta-caryophyllene    3 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
 
Papilio glaucus Linnaeus
 
               Frankfater C  2009  Chemoecology  19: 81   
    alpha-pinene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   P
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
   		Larvae 3rd instar
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Osmeterial gland 
    alpha-thujene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    camphene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    myrcene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    sabinene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    alpha-phellandrene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    alpha-terpinene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    p-cymene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    gamma-terpinene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    alpha-terpinolene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    delta-elemene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    alpha-ylangene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    alpha-copaene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    cyperene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    methyl eugenol    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    beta-cedrene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    gamma-elemene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    alpha-trans-bergamotene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    alpha-himachalene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    alpha-acoradiene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    gamma-gurjunene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    gamma-himachalene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    germacrene D    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    gamma-curcumene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    beta-elemene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    alpha-muurolene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    beta-bisabolene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    cis-gamma-bisabolene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    delta-cadinene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    trans-gamma-bisabolene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    alpha-cadinene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    germacrene B    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    hinesol    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
               Omura H  2006  J. Chem. Ecol.  32: 1999   
    isobutyric acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   Al
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
  
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Defense substance 
    2me-4Acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�     Larvae 5th instar
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    me-2me-butanoate    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    methyl isobutyrate    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
               Omura H  2006  J. Chem. Ecol.  32: 1999   
    alpha-pinene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   Al
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
   		Larvae 4th instar
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Defense substance 
    Z-alpha-bisabolene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    germacrene A    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    limonene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    alpha-terpinolene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
               Eisner T  1970  Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am.  63: 914   
    isobutyric acid    64 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   Al
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
  
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Defense substance 
    2me-4Acid    36 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�     Caterpillar
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
 
Papilio helenus Linnaeus
 
               Inoue TA  2023  J. Chem. Ecol.  49: 397   
    linalool    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   A
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
  
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Honsh� and Ky�sh�, Japan 
 
               Honda K  1981  J. Chem. Ecol.  7: 1089   
    acetic acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   P
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
   		Larvae 4th instar
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Osmeterial secretion 
    me-3-hydroxybutanoate    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    E-beta-farnesene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    germacrene A    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    E,E-alpha-farnesene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
               Honda K  1981  J. Chem. Ecol.  7: 1089   
    methyl isobutyrate    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   P
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
   		Larvae 5th instar
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Osmeterial secretion 
    me-2me-butanoate    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    isobutyric acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    2me-4Acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
 
Papilio maackii M�n�tries
 
               Inoue TA  2023  J. Chem. Ecol.  49: 397   
    linalool    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   A
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
  
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Honsh� and Ky�sh�, Japan 
 
               Honda K  2011  J. Chem. Ecol.  37: 575   
    phellamurin    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   K
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
  
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Oviposition stimulant 
 
               Honda K  1981  J. Chem. Ecol.  7: 1089   
    alpha-pinene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   P
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
   		Larvae 4th instar
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Osmeterial secretion 
    myrcene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    limonene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    beta-phellandrene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    cis-beta-ocimene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    trans-beta-ocimene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    me-3-hydroxybutanoate    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    beta-elemene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    beta-caryophyllene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    beta-selinene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    E,E-alpha-farnesene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    germacrene A    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    germacrene B    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
               Honda K  1981  J. Chem. Ecol.  7: 1089   
    methyl isobutyrate    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   P
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
   		Larvae 5th instar
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Osmeterial secretion 
    me-2me-butanoate    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    2me-4Acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    ethyl isobutyrate    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    ethyl 2me-butanoate    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    isobutyric acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    isovaleric acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
 
Papilio machaon Linnaeus
 
               Inoue TA  2023  J. Chem. Ecol.  49: 397   
    linalool    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   A
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
  
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Honsh� and Ky�sh�, Japan 
 
               Honda K  1981  J. Chem. Ecol.  7: 1089   
    alpha-pinene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   P
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
   		Larvae 4th instar
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Osmeterial secretion 
    myrcene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    limonene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    beta-phellandrene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    cis-beta-ocimene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    trans-beta-ocimene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    acetic acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    me-3-hydroxybutanoate    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    beta-caryophyllene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    germacrene A    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    caryophyllene oxide    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    germacrene B    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
               Honda K  1981  J. Chem. Ecol.  7: 1089   
    methyl isobutyrate    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   P
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
   		Larvae 5th instar
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Osmeterial secretion 
    me-2me-butanoate    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    2me-4Acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    ethyl isobutyrate    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    ethyl 2me-butanoate    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    acetic acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    isobutyric acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
               Eisner T  1965b  Science  150: 1733   
    2me-4Acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   Al
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
   		Larvae
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Defense substance 
    isobutyric acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
 
Papilio machaon hippocrates Felder
 
               Baur R  1995  Chemoecology  1: 26   
    Z3-6Ac    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   A
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
  
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    linalool    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
 
Papilio macilentus Janson
 
               Inoue TA  2023  J. Chem. Ecol.  49: 397   
    linalool    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   A
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
  
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Honsh� and Ky�sh�, Japan 
 
               Omura H  2006  J. Chem. Ecol.  32: 1999   
    methyl isobutyrate    72 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   Al
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
   		Larvae 5th instar
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Defense substance 
    isobutyric acid    12.7 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    2me-4Acid    6.9 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    me-2me-butanoate    8.2 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    acetic acid    0.2 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
               Omura H  2006  J. Chem. Ecol.  32: 1999   
    alpha-pinene    22.3 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   Al
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
   		Larvae 4th instar
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Defense substance 
    myrcene    24.6 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    cis-beta-ocimene    11.4 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    Z,E-alpha-farnesene    14 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    sabinene    0.6 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    limonene    0.8 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    beta-phellandrene    3.3 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    trans-beta-ocimene    0.8 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    beta-elemene    2.1 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    E-beta-farnesene    0.3 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    germacrene A    5.2 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    germacrene B    0.2 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
               Nishida R  1994a  Nippon Nogeikagaku Kaishi  68: 394   
    cnidioside A    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   K
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
  
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Oviposition stimulant 
 
 
Papilio memnon Linnaeus
 
               Inoue TA  2023  J. Chem. Ecol.  49: 397   
    linalool    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   A
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
  
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Honsh� and Ky�sh�, Japan 
 
               Honda K  1981  J. Chem. Ecol.  7: 1089   
    alpha-pinene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   P
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
   		Larvae 4th instar
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Osmeterial secretion 
    sabinene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    myrcene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    limonene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    cis-beta-ocimene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    me-3-hydroxybutanoate    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    beta-caryophyllene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    E-beta-farnesene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    germacrene A    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    caryophyllene oxide    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    germacrene B    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
               Honda K  1981  J. Chem. Ecol.  7: 1089   
    methyl isobutyrate    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   P
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
   		Larvae 5th instar
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Osmeterial secretion 
    me-2me-butanoate    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    2me-4Acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    ethyl isobutyrate    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    ethyl 2me-butanoate    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    isobutyric acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    beta-caryophyllene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    beta-caryophyllene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    E-beta-farnesene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
 
Papilio memnon heronus Fr�hstorfer
 
               Chow YS  1987  Chin. J. Entomol.  7: 73   
    isobutyric acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   Al
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
  
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Defense substance 
    2me-4Acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
 
Papilio palamedes Drury
 
               Eisner T  1970  Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am.  63: 914   
    isobutyric acid    21 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   Al
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
   		Caterpillar
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Defense substance 
    2me-4Acid    79 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
 
Papilio paris Linnaeus
 
               Omura H  2006  J. Chem. Ecol.  32: 1999   
    methyl isobutyrate    12.5 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   Al
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
   		Larvae 5th instar
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Defense substance 
    isobutyric acid    49.3 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    2me-4Acid    23.3 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    me-2me-butanoate    6 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    ethyl isobutyrate    0.6 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    ethyl 2me-butanoate    0.9 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
               Omura H  2006  J. Chem. Ecol.  32: 1999   
    me-3-hydroxybutanoate    3.2 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   Al
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
   		Larvae 4th instar
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Defense substance 
    E-beta-farnesene    0.8 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    alpha-pinene    8.6 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    sabinene    0.2 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    myrcene    2.4 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    limonene    1.1 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    beta-phellandrene    1.8 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    trans-beta-ocimene    0.1 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    alpha-terpinolene    0.1 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    beta-elemene    15.6 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    beta-caryophyllene    1.9 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    germacrene B    3.8 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
 
Papilio polytes Linnaeus
 
               Omura H  2006  J. Chem. Ecol.  32: 1999   
    methyl isobutyrate    4.6 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   Al
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
   		Larvae 5th instar
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Defense substance 
    isobutyric acid    51 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    2me-4Acid    42.9 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    me-2me-butanoate    1.5 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
               Omura H  2006  J. Chem. Ecol.  32: 1999   
    me-3-hydroxybutanoate    13.3 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   Al
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
   		Larvae 4th instar
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Defense substance 
    E-beta-farnesene    29.6 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    germacrene A    41.9 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    alpha-pinene    1 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    sabinene    4.9 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    myrcene    1.1 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    limonene    1.6 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    beta-phellandrene    0.4 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    beta-elemene    2.4 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    beta-caryophyllene    0.5 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
               Omura H  2005  Appl. Entomol. Zool.  40: 421   
    29Hy    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   P
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
   		M&F
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Volatile component 
    palmitic acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    28Hy    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    Z7-27Hy    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    27Hy    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    myristic acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    26Hy    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    Z7-25Hy    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    25Hy    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    lauric acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    Z7-23Hy    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    23Hy    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    caprinic acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
               Nakayama T  2003  J. Chem. Ecol.  29: 1621   
    trans-4-hydroxy-methyl-proline    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   K
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
  
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Oviposition stimulant 
    2-methyl-erythronic acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
 
Papilio polyxenes Fabricius
 
               Baur R  1993  J. Chem. Ecol.  19: 919   
    Z3-6Ac    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   K
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
  
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Oviposition stimulant 
    trans-sabinene hydrate    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    cis-sabinene hydrate    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    terpinen-4-ol    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    bornyl acetate    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
               Feeny P  1988  Phytochem.  27: 3439   
    chlorogenic acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   K
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
  
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Oviposition stimulant 
    luteolin 7-O-6-O-malonyl-b-d-glucopyranoside    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
               Eisner T  1970  Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am.  63: 914   
    isobutyric acid    40 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   Al
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
   		Caterpillar
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Defense substance 
    2me-4Acid    60 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
 
Papilio polyxenes asterius StoIl
 
               Baur R  1995  Chemoecology  1: 26   
    E2-6Ald    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   A
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
  
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    linalool    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    terpinen-4-ol    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
 
Papilio protenor Linnaeus
 
               Inoue TA  2023  J. Chem. Ecol.  49: 397   
    linalool    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   A
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
  
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Honsh� and Ky�sh�, Japan 
 
 
Papilio protenor demetrius Stoll
 
               Omura H  2012  Z. Naturforsch. C  67: 331   
    29Hy    11.71 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   P
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
   		M
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Extract 
    27Hy    10.88 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    palmitic acid    1.96 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    stearic acid    1.69 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    23Hy    7.42 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    delta7-25Hy    8.28 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    25Hy    5.4 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    25-8Kt    1.03 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    delta7-27Hy    3.76 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    28Hy    1.04 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    squalene    3.11 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    cholesterol    1.77 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    31Hy    4.47 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    32Hy    1 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    38Hy    1.33 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
               Omura H  2012  Z. Naturforsch. C  67: 331   
    29Hy    14.62 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   P
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
   		F
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Extract 
    27Hy    13.25 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    palmitic acid    3.13 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    stearic acid    1.71 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    23Hy    6.71 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    delta6,9-25Hy    1.15 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    delta9-25Hy    3.65 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    delta7-27Hy    4.37 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    25Hy    4.77 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    28Hy    1.19 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    squalene    4.16 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    cholesterol    1.72 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    31Hy    4.21 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
               Omura H  2012  Z. Naturforsch. C  67: 331   
    styrene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   P
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
   		M
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Wings 
    acetoin    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    7Ald    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    acetic acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    2-ethyl-6OH    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    9Ald    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    linalool    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    2,3-butanediol    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    naphthalene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    valeric acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    methyl salicylate    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    acetamide    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    caproic acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    phenylmethanol    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    enanthic acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    pyrrolidin-2Kt    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    caprylic acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    pelargonic acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    caprinic acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    11Acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    benzoic acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
               Omura H  2012  Z. Naturforsch. C  67: 331   
    styrene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   P
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
   		F
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Wings 
    acetoin    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    7Ald    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    acetic acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    2-ethyl-6OH    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    9Ald    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    2,3-butanediol    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    naphthalene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    valeric acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    methyl salicylate    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    acetamide    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    caproic acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    phenylmethanol    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    enanthic acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    pyrrolidin-2Kt    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    caprylic acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    pelargonic acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    caprinic acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    11Acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    benzoic acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
               Honda K  2011  J. Chem. Ecol.  37: 575   
    phellamurin    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   K
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
  
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Oviposition stimulant 
 
               Honda K  1980a  J. Insect Physiol.  26: 39   
    methyl isobutyrate    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   P
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
   		Larvae 5th instar
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Osmeterial secretion 
    ethyl isobutyrate    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    me-2me-butanoate    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    ethyl 2me-butanoate    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    isobutyric acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    2me-4Acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    beta-caryophyllene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
               Honda K  1980a  J. Insect Physiol.  26: 39   
    alpha-pinene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   P
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
   		Larvae 3rd, 4th instar
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Osmeterial secretion 
    myrcene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    limonene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    beta-phellandrene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    cis-beta-ocimene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    trans-beta-ocimene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    me-3-hydroxybutanoate    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    beta-elemene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    beta-caryophyllene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    germacrene A    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    germacrene B    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    caryophyllene oxide    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
 
Papilio troilus Linnaeus
 
               Omura H  2006  J. Chem. Ecol.  32: 1999   
    methyl isobutyrate    49.5 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   Al
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
   		Larvae 5th instar
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Defense substance 
    isobutyric acid    1.4 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    2me-4Acid    15.5 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    me-2me-butanoate    24.3 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    ethyl isobutyrate    0.1 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    ethyl 2me-butanoate    0.2 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
               Omura H  2006  J. Chem. Ecol.  32: 1999   
    alpha-pinene    5.4 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   Al
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
   		Larvae 4th instar
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Defense substance 
    myrcene    9.1 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    cis-beta-ocimene    0.4 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    sabinene    19.5 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    limonene    7.1 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    beta-phellandrene    19 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    trans-beta-ocimene    0.4 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    alpha-terpinolene    8.3 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    E-beta-farnesene    0.3 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    Z-alpha-bisabolene    14.1 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    germacrene A    7 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    E-alpha-bisabolene    0.2 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
               Carter M  1999  J. Chem. Ecol.  25: 1233   
    3-caffeoyl-muco-quinic acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   K
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
  
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Oviposition stimulant 
 
               Baur R  1995  Chemoecology  1: 26   
    Z3-6Ac    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   A
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
  
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    linalool    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    terpinen-4-ol    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
               Eisner T  1970  Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am.  63: 914   
    isobutyric acid    41 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   Al
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
   		Caterpillar
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Defense substance 
    2me-4Acid    59 �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
 
Papilio xuthus Linnaeus
 
               Inoue TA  2023  J. Chem. Ecol.  49: 397   
    linalool    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   A
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
  
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Honsh� and Ky�sh�, Japan 
 
               Honda K  1981  J. Chem. Ecol.  7: 1089   
    alpha-pinene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   P
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
  
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		Osmeterial secretion 
    myrcene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    limonene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    beta-phellandrene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    cis-beta-ocimene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    trans-beta-ocimene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    isobutyric acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    beta-selinene    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    germacrene A    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    methyl isobutyrate    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�     Larvae 4th instar
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    me-2me-butanoate    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
    2me-4Acid    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�    
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
               Harashima K  1976  Agric. Biol. Chem.  40: 711   
    papilioerythrinone    �Relative ratio of the component�   �(*) indicates that compound is active�   P
�Category of the chemical signal
A -   Attractant
Al -   Allomone
K -   Kairomone
P -   Pheromone
Sy -   Synomone�
  
�Source of the chemical signal
F -   Female
H -   Host (could be of plant or animal origin)
L -   Lure
M -   Male
M&F -   Male and Female
S -   Solider
Q -   Queen
W -   Worker�
  
�Amount
pg -   Picogram
ng -   Nanogram
�g -   Microgram
mg -   Milligram
g -   Gram�
   		 
 
 
Reference(s):

Inoue, T.A., Suetake, M., Nishidzu, N., Yokohari, F., Niihara, K., and Fukuda, T. 2023. Behavioral and electrophysiological study on eight Japanese Papilio species with five hostplant volatiles and linalool. J. Chem. Ecol. 49:397-407.
 
�mura, H., Yanai, N., and Honda, K. 2012. Sexual dimorphism in scent substances and cuticular lipids of adult Papilio protenor butterflies. Z. Naturforsch. C. 67:331-341.
 
Honda, K., �mura, H., Chachin, M., Kawano, S., and Inoue, T.A. 2011. Synergistic or antagonistic modulation of oviposition response of two swallowtail butterflies, Papilio maackii and P. protenor, to Phellodendron amurense by its constitutive prenylated flavonoid, phellamurin. J. Chem. Ecol. 37:575-581.
 
Frankfater, C., Tellez, M.R., and Slattery, M. 2009. The scent of alarm: ontogenetic and genetic variation in the osmeterial gland chemistry of Papilio glaucus (Papilionidae) caterpillars. Chemoecology. 19:81-96.
 
�mura, H., Honda, K., and Feeny, P. 2006. From terpenoids to aliphatic acids: further evidence for late-instar switch in osmeterial defense as a characteristic trait of swallowtail butterflies in the tribe Papilionini. J. Chem. Ecol. 32:1999-2012.
 
�mura, H., and Honda, K. 2005. Chemical composition of volatile substances from adults of the swallowtail, Papilio polytes (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Appl. Entomol. Zool. 40:421-427.
 
Nakayama, T., Honda, K., �mura, H., and Hayashi, N. 2003. Oviposition stimulants for the tropical swallowtail butterfly, Papilio polytes, feeding on a rutaceous plant, Toddalia asiatica. J. Chem. Ecol. 29:1621-1634.
 
Ono, H., Nishida, R., and Kuwahara, Y. 2000. A dihydroxy-?-lactone as an oviposition stimulant for the swallowtail butterfly, Papilio bianor, from the rutaceous plant, Orixa japonica. Biosci. Biotechn. Biochem. 64:1970-1973.
 
Carter, M., Feeny, P., and Haribal, M.M. 1999. An oviposition stimulant for spicebush swallowtail butterfly, Papilio troilus, from leaves of Sassafras albidum. J. Chem. Ecol. 25:1233-1245.
 
Baur, R., and Feeny, P. 1995. Comparative electrophysiological analysis of plant odor perception in females of three Papilio species. Chemoecology. 1:26-36.
 
Nishida, R., Kokubo, S., Kuwahara, Y., and Fukami, H. 1994a. Oviposition stimulant for Papilio macilentus from Orixa japonica. Nippon Nogeikagaku Kaishi. 68:394.
 
Baur, R., Feeny, P., and St�dler, E. 1993. Oviposition stimulants for the black swallowtail butterfly: identification of electrophysiologically active compounds in carrot volatiles. J. Chem. Ecol. 19:919-937.
 
Feeny, P., Sachdev, K., Rosenberry, L., and Carter, M. 1988. Luteolin 7-O-(6"-O-malonyl)-�-d-glucoside and trans-chlorogenic acid: oviposition stimulants for the black swallowtail butterfly. Phytochem. 27:3439-3448.
 
Chow, Y.S., and Tsai, R.-S. 1987. Recent studies of insect chemical communications in Taiwan. Chin. J. Entomol. 7:73-80.
 
Burger, B.V., Munro, Z., Roth, M., Spies, H.S.C., Truter, V., Geertsema, H., and Habich, A. 1985. Constituents of osmeterial secretion of pre-final instar larvae of citrus swallowtail, Papilio demodocus (Esper) (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). J. Chem. Ecol. 29:1621-1634.
 
Honda, K. 1981. Larval osmeterial secretions of the swallowtails (Papilio). J. Chem. Ecol. 7:1089-1113.
 
Honda, K. 1980a. Volatile constituents of larval osmeterial secretions in Papilio protenor demetrius. J. Insect Physiol. 26:39-45.
 
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Citation: El-Sayed AM 2025. The Pherobase: Database of Pheromones and Semiochemicals. <http://www.pherobase.com>.
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