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Sci Total Environ

Title:		Assessment of the bioaccessibility of PAHs and other hazardous compounds present in recycled tire rubber employed in synthetic football fields
Author(s):		Armada D; Martinez-Fernandez A; Celeiro M; Dagnac T; Llompart M;
Address:		"CRETUS, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Agronomic Research Centre (AGACAL-CIAM), Unit of Organic Contaminants, Apartado 10, E-15080 A Coruna, Spain. CRETUS, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain. Electronic address: maria.llompart@usc.es"
Journal Title:		Sci Total Environ
Year:		2023
Volume:		20221017
Issue:		Pt 2
Page Number:		159485 -
DOI:		10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159485
ISSN/ISBN:		1879-1026 (Electronic) 0048-9697 (Linking)
Abstract:		"Recycled tire crumb rubber (RTCR) surfaces contain harmful and carcinogenic substances, which can be ingested by the users of these facilities, mainly athletes and children. In this work, the potential in-vitro oral bioaccessibility of eighteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from RTCR employed as infill in synthetic football fields was studied in human synthetic body fluids (saliva, gastric, duodenal and bile), prepared according the Unified Bioaccessibility Method. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) using commercial sorbents and a new green material based on cork (cork industry by-product) were used to isolate the bioaccessible PAHs before gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. The method was optimized and validated attending the analytical figures of merit. The feasibility of cork biosorbent for the extraction of the compounds was demonstrated, as well as the suitability of the UBM method to perform the digestion with good precision. The application to real samples collected from football fields demonstrated the presence of 17 of the 18 target PAHs in the biofluids. Most volatile PAHs such as NAP, ACY, ACE, FLU, PHN and ANC, achieved the highest bioaccessibility percentage levels. The carcinogenic B[a]P was detected in 75 % of the samples at concentrations up to 2.5 ng g(-1) (bioaccessible fraction). Children exposure assessment was carried out to identify potential risk. Other hazardous and environmentally problematic compounds such as N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPD-quinone), recently related with the dead of coho salmon, and hexamethoxymethylmelamine (HMMM), among others, were also detected. This is the first study in which the bioaccesibility from real crumb rubber samples of 15 out of the 16 PAHs considered as priority pollutants by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the presence of 6PPD-quinone and HMMM in the bioaccessible fractions is reported"
Keywords:		Child Humans *Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/analysis Rubber *Football Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/methods Carcinogens/analysis Quinones/analysis 6PPD-quinone Hazardous chemicals Oral bioaccesibility PAHs Recycled tire crumb rubber (RTCR) Solid;
Notes:		"MedlineArmada, Daniel Martinez-Fernandez, Antia Celeiro, Maria Dagnac, Thierry Llompart, Maria eng Netherlands 2022/10/19 Sci Total Environ. 2023 Jan 20; 857(Pt 2):159485. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159485. Epub 2022 Oct 17"