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Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Title:		Volatile secondary metabolites as aposematic olfactory signals and defensive weapons in aquatic environments
Author(s):		Giordano G; Carbone M; Ciavatta ML; Silvano E; Gavagnin M; Garson MJ; Cheney KL; Mudianta IW; Russo GF; Villani G; Magliozzi L; Polese G; Zidorn C; Cutignano A; Fontana A; Ghiselin MT; Mollo E;
Address:		"Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy. Department of Science and Technology, Parthenope University of Naples, Naples 80143, Italy. Department of Biology, Federico II University of Naples, Naples 80126, Italy. School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia. School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia. Department of Analytical Chemistry, Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, 81116 Bali, Indonesia. Pharmazeutisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany. Department of Invertebrate Zoology, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94118. Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council of Italy, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; emollo@icb.cnr.it"
Journal Title:		Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
Year:		2017
Volume:		20170313
Issue:		13
Page Number:		3451 - 3456
DOI:		10.1073/pnas.1614655114
ISSN/ISBN:		1091-6490 (Electronic) 0027-8424 (Print) 0027-8424 (Linking)
Abstract:		"Olfaction is considered a distance sense; hence, aquatic olfaction is thought to be mediated only by molecules dissolved in water. Here, we challenge this view by showing that shrimp and fish can recognize the presence of hydrophobic olfactory cues by a 'tactile' form of chemoreception. We found that odiferous furanosesquiterpenes protect both the Mediterranean octocoral Maasella edwardsi and its specialist predator, the nudibranch gastropod Tritonia striata, from potential predators. Food treated with the terpenes elicited avoidance responses in the cooccurring shrimp Palaemon elegans Rejection was also induced in the shrimp by the memory recall of postingestive aversive effects (vomiting), evoked by repeatedly touching the food with chemosensory mouthparts. Consistent with their emetic properties once ingested, the compounds were highly toxic to brine shrimp. Further experiments on the zebrafish showed that this vertebrate aquatic model also avoids food treated with one of the terpenes, after having experienced gastrointestinal malaise. The fish refused the food after repeatedly touching it with their mouths. The compounds studied thus act simultaneously as (i) toxins, (ii) avoidance-learning inducers, and (iii) aposematic odorant cues. Although they produce a characteristic smell when exposed to air, the compounds are detected by direct contact with the emitter in aquatic environments and are perceived at high doses that are not compatible with their transport in water. The mouthparts of both the shrimp and the fish have thus been shown to act as 'aquatic noses,' supporting a substantial revision of the current definition of the chemical senses based upon spatial criteria"
Keywords:		"Animals Aquatic Organisms/*physiology Behavior, Animal Gastropoda/*physiology Odorants/analysis Secondary Metabolism *Smell Volatile Organic Compounds/chemistry/*metabolism Zebrafish/*physiology avoidance learning chemical defense marine chemical ecology;"
Notes:		"MedlineGiordano, Giuseppe Carbone, Marianna Ciavatta, Maria Letizia Silvano, Eleonora Gavagnin, Margherita Garson, Mary J Cheney, Karen L Mudianta, I Wayan Russo, Giovanni Fulvio Villani, Guido Magliozzi, Laura Polese, Gianluca Zidorn, Christian Cutignano, Adele Fontana, Angelo Ghiselin, Michael T Mollo, Ernesto eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 2017/03/16 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Mar 28; 114(13):3451-3456. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1614655114. Epub 2017 Mar 13"