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Sci Total Environ

Title:		Human exposure to metals in consumer-focused fused filament fabrication (FFF)/ 3D printing processes
Author(s):		Tedla G; Jarabek AM; Byrley P; Boyes W; Rogers K;
Address:		"Watershed and Ecosystem Characterization Division, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, USEPA, RTP, NC 27711, United States of America. Health and Environmental Effects Assessment Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, USEPA, RTP, NC 27711, United States of America. Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, USEPA, RTP, NC 27711, United States of America. Watershed and Ecosystem Characterization Division, Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, USEPA, RTP, NC 27711, United States of America. Electronic address: rogers.kim@epa.gov"
Journal Title:		Sci Total Environ
Year:		2022
Volume:		20211225
Issue:
Page Number:		152622 -
DOI:		10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152622
ISSN/ISBN:		1879-1026 (Electronic) 0048-9697 (Print) 0048-9697 (Linking)
Abstract:		"Fused filament fabrication (FFF) or 3D printing is a growing technology used in industry, cottage industry and for consumer applications. Low-cost 3D printing devices have become increasingly popular among children and teens. Consequently, 3D printers are increasingly common in households, schools, and libraries. Because the operation of 3D printers is associated with the release of inhalable particles and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), there are concerns of possible health implications, particularly for use in schools and residential environments that may not have adequate ventilation such as classrooms bedrooms and garages, etc. Along with the growing consumer market for low-cost printers and printer pens, there is also an expanding market for a range of specialty filaments with additives such as inorganic colorants, metal particles and nanomaterials as well as metal-containing flame retardants, antioxidants, heat stabilizers and catalysts. Inhalation of particulate-associated metals may represent a health risk depending on both the metal and internal dose to the respiratory tract. Little has been reported, however, about the presence, speciation, and source of metals in the emissions; or likewise the effect of metals on emission processes and toxicological implications of these 3D printer generated emissions. This report evaluates various issues including the following: metals in feedstock with a focus on filament characteristics and function of metals; the effect of metals on the emissions and metals detected in emissions; printer emissions, particle formation, transport, and transformation; exposure and translation to internal dose; and potential toxicity on inhaled dose. Finally, data gaps and potential areas of future research are discussed within these contexts"
Keywords:		"Adolescent *Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis Child Humans Metals Particulate Matter Printing, Three-Dimensional *Volatile Organic Compounds/analysis Inhalation risk assessment Material extrusion Particle dosimetry Printer filament;"
Notes:		"MedlineTedla, Getachew Jarabek, Annie M Byrley, Peter Boyes, William Rogers, Kim eng EPA999999/ImEPA/Intramural EPA/ Review Netherlands 2021/12/30 Sci Total Environ. 2022 Mar 25; 814:152622. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152622. Epub 2021 Dec 25"