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« Previous SpeciesSalvia lavandulaefolia ssp. vellerea    Next SpeciesSalvia lavandulifolia ssp. vellerea »

Plant Compounds of Salvia lavandulaefolia , the Spanish sage

Kingdom:  Plantae
Class:  Magnoliopsida
Order:  Lamiales
Family:  Lamiaceae
Genus:  Salvia
Author:  Vahl
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Bedoukain RussellIPM

Compounds:

Foray  1999 
 
        alpha-caryophyllene  0.4 Relative ratio of the component   France  oil 
        alpha-pinene  2.5 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-caryophyllene  1.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-pinene  1.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        camphene  4 Relative ratio of the component      
        camphor  39 Relative ratio of the component      
        eucalyptol  25.5 Relative ratio of the component      
        limonene  1.9 Relative ratio of the component      
        linalool  0.5 Relative ratio of the component      
        linalool acetate  10.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        myrcene  1.8 Relative ratio of the component      
        sabinene  0.5 Relative ratio of the component      
        terpinyl acetate  0.8 Relative ratio of the component      
 
Guillen  1999 
 
        1,4-cadinadiene  0.1 Relative ratio of the component   Saragossa, Aragon, Spain  smoke 
        25Hy  0.7 Relative ratio of the component      
        27Hy  0.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        28Hy  0.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        29Hy  2.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        30Hy  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        31Hy  2.7 Relative ratio of the component      
        32Hy  1 Relative ratio of the component      
        33Hy  5.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        abietane  8.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        alloaromadendrene  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-caryophyllene  0.6 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-copaene  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-cubebene  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-gurjunene  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-muurolene  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-pinene  0.5 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-selinene  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpinene  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpineol  0.8 Relative ratio of the component      
        ar-curcumene  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        aromadendrene  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        barbatusol  0.6 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-caryophyllene  0.8 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-pinene  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-selinene  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-sitosterol  1.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        borneol  1.5 Relative ratio of the component      
        bornyl acetate  0.7 Relative ratio of the component      
        camphene  0.4 Relative ratio of the component      
        camphor  2.9 Relative ratio of the component      
        carnosic acid  2.7 Relative ratio of the component      
        caryophyllenol I  0.7 Relative ratio of the component      
        cirsimaritin  0.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        delta-cadinene  0.6 Relative ratio of the component      
        eucalyptol  2.8 Relative ratio of the component      
        gamma-cadinene  0.4 Relative ratio of the component      
        geraniol  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        limonene  0.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        linalool  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        myrcene  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        neophytadiene  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        oleic acid  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        palmitic acid  0.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        p-cymene  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        phytone  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        spathulenol  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        squalene  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        terpinen-4-ol  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        trans-ferruginol  0.8 Relative ratio of the component      
        viridiflorol  3.3 Relative ratio of the component      
 
Mathe  1997 
 
        alpha-caryophyllene  1 Relative ratio of the component   Hungary  oil 
        alpha-pinene  2.7 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpinene  0.4 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpineol  0.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpinolene  0.5 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-thujene  0.4 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-caryophyllene  4.9 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-pinene  6.8 Relative ratio of the component      
        borneol  2.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        bornyl acetate  0.6 Relative ratio of the component      
        camphor  12.6 Relative ratio of the component      
        caryophyllene oxide  0.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        eucalyptol  47 Relative ratio of the component      
        gamma-terpinene  1.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        myrcene  5.8 Relative ratio of the component      
        p-cymene  0.4 Relative ratio of the component      
        terpinen-4-ol  0.7 Relative ratio of the component      
        viridiflorol  4.5 Relative ratio of the component      
 
Biondi  1993 
 
        1R2S5R-isopulegol  0.17 Relative ratio of the component   Italy  oil 
        alpha-pinene  3.74 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpineol  1.93 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-thujene  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-thujone  1.14 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-pinene  1.22 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-thujone  0.43 Relative ratio of the component      
        borneol  1.62 Relative ratio of the component      
        bornyl acetate  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
        camphene  1.8 Relative ratio of the component      
        camphor  6.73 Relative ratio of the component      
        carvacrol  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
        cis-linalool oxide  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
        delta1-octen-3-ol  0.32 Relative ratio of the component      
        eucalyptol  56.25 Relative ratio of the component      
        gamma-terpinene  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
        limonene  20.35 Relative ratio of the component      
        linalool  0.54 Relative ratio of the component      
        linalool acetate  0.13 Relative ratio of the component      
        myrcene  0.56 Relative ratio of the component      
        terpinen-4-ol  0.32 Relative ratio of the component      
        terpinyl acetate  0.63 Relative ratio of the component      
        thymol  0.05 Relative ratio of the component      
        tricyclene  0.07 Relative ratio of the component      
 
Rodriguez  1983 
 
        alloaromadendrene  0.1 Relative ratio of the component   Spain  oil 
        alpha-caryophyllene  0.5 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-cis-bergamotene  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-gurjunene  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-phellandrene  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-pinene  7.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpineol  0.9 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpinolene  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-thujene  0.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        ar-curcumene  0.4 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-caryophyllene  1.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-pinene  4.5 Relative ratio of the component      
        borneol  3.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        bornyl acetate  1.4 Relative ratio of the component      
        camphene  6.9 Relative ratio of the component      
        camphor  23.7 Relative ratio of the component      
        cis-beta-ocimene  0.6 Relative ratio of the component      
        delta-terpineol  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        E,Z-alloocimene  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        eucalyptol  22.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        gamma-terpinene  0.4 Relative ratio of the component      
        geraniol  0.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        geranyl acetate  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        isoborneol  0.5 Relative ratio of the component      
        isobornyl acetate  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        isocaryophyllene  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        limonene  3.9 Relative ratio of the component      
        linalool  2.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        linalool acetate  1.8 Relative ratio of the component      
        myrcene  3.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        nerol  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        neryl acetate  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        p-cymene  0.8 Relative ratio of the component      
        sabinene  1.4 Relative ratio of the component      
        terpinen-4-ol  0.6 Relative ratio of the component      
        terpinyl acetate  3.9 Relative ratio of the component      
        trans-beta-ocimene  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        trans-sabinene hydrate  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        trans-sabinyl acetate  2.9 Relative ratio of the component      
        tricyclene  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
 
De Garcia Mugica  1974 
 
        alpha-caryophyllene  0.3 Relative ratio of the component   Guadelajara, Spain  oil 
        alpha-phellandrene  1 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-pinene  10 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpinene  1.5 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpineol  5.15 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpinolene  0.4 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-caryophyllene  1.6 Relative ratio of the component      
        camphene  10 Relative ratio of the component      
        camphor  20 Relative ratio of the component      
        eucalyptol  25 Relative ratio of the component      
        gamma-terpinene  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
        geraniol  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        limonene  3 Relative ratio of the component      
        linalool  1.5 Relative ratio of the component      
        linalool acetate  2.5 Relative ratio of the component      
        p-cymene  3 Relative ratio of the component      
        sabinene  8 Relative ratio of the component      
        terpinen-4-ol  0.4 Relative ratio of the component      
        terpinyl acetate  4.75 Relative ratio of the component      
        trans-sabinene hydrate  0.5 Relative ratio of the component      
        viridiflorol  0.5 Relative ratio of the component      
 
Vernin  1986 
 
        alpha-caryophyllene  0.24 Relative ratio of the component   Spain  oil 
        alpha-pinene  8.45 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpinene  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpineol  5 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpinolene  0.14 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-thujene  0.22 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-thujone  1.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-caryophyllene  0.4 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-pinene  3.86 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-thujone  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
        borneol  3.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        bornyl acetate  0.97 Relative ratio of the component      
        camphene  5.6 Relative ratio of the component      
        camphor  22.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        cis-beta-ocimene  0.99 Relative ratio of the component      
        eucalyptol  21.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        gamma-terpinene  0.28 Relative ratio of the component      
        geraniol  0.37 Relative ratio of the component      
        geranyl acetate  0.33 Relative ratio of the component      
        geranyl propionate  0.42 Relative ratio of the component      
        humulene oxide  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        limonene  3.62 Relative ratio of the component      
        linalool  1.7 Relative ratio of the component      
        linalool acetate  3.9 Relative ratio of the component      
        myrcene  2.76 Relative ratio of the component      
        p-cymen-8-ol  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        p-cymene  0.97 Relative ratio of the component      
        sabinene  1.49 Relative ratio of the component      
        terpinen-4-ol  0.4 Relative ratio of the component      
        terpinyl acetate  5 Relative ratio of the component      
        trans-beta-ocimene  0.19 Relative ratio of the component      
 
Anon.  1989 
 
        alpha-pinene  7.5 Relative ratio of the component   Spain  oil 
        alpha-thujone  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-thujone  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        borneol  4.5 Relative ratio of the component      
        camphor  23.5 Relative ratio of the component      
        eucalyptol  18 Relative ratio of the component      
        limonene  3.5 Relative ratio of the component      
        linalool  0.7 Relative ratio of the component      
        linalool acetate  4 Relative ratio of the component      
        sabinene  1.5 Relative ratio of the component      
        terpinen-4-ol  1.5 Relative ratio of the component      
 
Kubeczka  1982 
 
        alpha-phellandrene  0.1 Relative ratio of the component   Spain  oil 
        alpha-pinene  24 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpinene  0.13 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpineol  1.89 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpinolene  0.18 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-thujene  0.54 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-caryophyllene  0.61 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-pinene  2.23 Relative ratio of the component      
        borneol  2 Relative ratio of the component      
        bornyl acetate  0.21 Relative ratio of the component      
        camphene  7.69 Relative ratio of the component      
        camphor  30.11 Relative ratio of the component      
        cis-beta-ocimene  0.22 Relative ratio of the component      
        eucalyptol  11.83 Relative ratio of the component      
        gamma-terpinene  0.16 Relative ratio of the component      
        limonene  2.65 Relative ratio of the component      
        linalool  3.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        linalool acetate  0.34 Relative ratio of the component      
        myrcene  1.34 Relative ratio of the component      
        p-cymene  0.84 Relative ratio of the component      
        sabinene  0.34 Relative ratio of the component      
        terpinyl acetate  1.73 Relative ratio of the component      
        trans-beta-ocimene  0.11 Relative ratio of the component      
        tricyclene  0.46 Relative ratio of the component      
 
Boelens  1997 
 
        3-carene  0.1 Relative ratio of the component   Spain  oil 
        alpha-caryophyllene  0.75 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-cis-bergamotene  0.05 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-fenchol  0.15 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-phellandrene  0.1 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-pinene  7.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpinene  0.25 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpineol  1.15 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpinolene  0.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-thujene  0.25 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-bisabolene  0.25 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-caryophyllene  0.95 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-pinene  4.15 Relative ratio of the component      
        borneol  1.7 Relative ratio of the component      
        bornyl acetate  2 Relative ratio of the component      
        camphene  5.45 Relative ratio of the component      
        camphor  16.75 Relative ratio of the component      
        caryophyllene oxide  0.15 Relative ratio of the component      
        cis-beta-ocimene  0.7 Relative ratio of the component      
        cis-sabinene hydrate  0.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        delta-cadinene  0.15 Relative ratio of the component      
        eucalyptol  20 Relative ratio of the component      
        gamma-terpinene  0.55 Relative ratio of the component      
        geranial  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        geraniol  0.4 Relative ratio of the component      
        geranyl acetate  0.55 Relative ratio of the component      
        limonene  3.75 Relative ratio of the component      
        linalool  2.05 Relative ratio of the component      
        linalool acetate  4.5 Relative ratio of the component      
        myrcene  4.55 Relative ratio of the component      
        neral  0.15 Relative ratio of the component      
        nerol  0.15 Relative ratio of the component      
        neryl acetate  0.15 Relative ratio of the component      
        p-cymene  0.95 Relative ratio of the component      
        sabinene  1.9 Relative ratio of the component      
        terpinen-4-ol  0.55 Relative ratio of the component      
        terpinyl acetate  9.75 Relative ratio of the component      
        trans-beta-ocimene  0.25 Relative ratio of the component      
        trans-sabinene hydrate  0.15 Relative ratio of the component      
        trans-sabinol  2 Relative ratio of the component      
        trans-sabinyl acetate  4 Relative ratio of the component      
        tricyclene  0.25 Relative ratio of the component      
 
Lawrence  1998 
 
        2-p-tolylpropene  0.03 Relative ratio of the component   Spain  oil 
        alloaromadendrene  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-caryophyllene  0.05 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-cis-bergamotene  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-copaene  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-cubebene  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-gurjunene  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-pinene  6.4 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpineol  0.05 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpinolene  0.03 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-thujene  0.25 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-trans-bergamotene  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
        ar-curcumene  0.03 Relative ratio of the component      
        aromadendrene  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-caryophyllene  0.42 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-pinene  4.32 Relative ratio of the component      
        borneol  0.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        bornyl acetate  0.56 Relative ratio of the component      
        camphene  6.25 Relative ratio of the component      
        camphor  26.4 Relative ratio of the component      
        cis-beta-ocimene  0.16 Relative ratio of the component      
        cis-sabinol  0.21 Relative ratio of the component      
        cis-sabinyl acetate  5.05 Relative ratio of the component      
        delta-cadinene  0.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        E,Z-alloocimene  0.06 Relative ratio of the component      
        eucalyptol  24.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        gamma-terpinene  0.02 Relative ratio of the component      
        geraniol  0.52 Relative ratio of the component      
        limonene  4.25 Relative ratio of the component      
        linalool  2.98 Relative ratio of the component      
        linalool acetate  1.33 Relative ratio of the component      
        myrcene  1.51 Relative ratio of the component      
        nerol  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
        p-cymene  1.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        sabinene  1.54 Relative ratio of the component      
        terpinen-4-ol  0.42 Relative ratio of the component      
        trans-beta-ocimene  0.15 Relative ratio of the component      
        trans-sabinene hydrate  0.14 Relative ratio of the component      
        viridiflorol  0.36 Relative ratio of the component      
 
Fournier  1993 
 
        alpha-pinene  6.35 Relative ratio of the component   Spain  oil 
        alpha-terpinene  0.5 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpineol  6.65 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpinolene  0.25 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-thujene  0.25 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-caryophyllene  1.05 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-pinene  4.75 Relative ratio of the component      
        borneol  0.85 Relative ratio of the component      
        bornyl acetate  1.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        camphene  9.65 Relative ratio of the component      
        camphor  24 Relative ratio of the component      
        caryophyllene oxide  0.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        cis-sabinyl acetate  2.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        eucalyptol  22 Relative ratio of the component      
        geraniol  0.25 Relative ratio of the component      
        limonene  4.65 Relative ratio of the component      
        linalool  1.9 Relative ratio of the component      
        linalool acetate  2.15 Relative ratio of the component      
        myrcene  3.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        p-cymene  1.5 Relative ratio of the component      
        sabinene  1.55 Relative ratio of the component      
        terpinen-4-ol  0.55 Relative ratio of the component      
        terpinyl acetate  4 Relative ratio of the component      
 
Guillen  1996 
 
        1,4-cadinadiene  0.06 Relative ratio of the component   Spain  oil 
        alpha-caryophyllene  4.17 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-copaene  0.68 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-cubebene  0.23 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-gurjunene  0.74 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-muurolene  0.28 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-pinene  7.02 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpinene  1.83 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpineol  0.5 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-terpinolene  0.33 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-thujene  0.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-thujone  11.07 Relative ratio of the component      
        alpha-ylangene  0.04 Relative ratio of the component      
        ar-curcumene  0.01 Relative ratio of the component      
        aromadendrene  0.54 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-cadinene  0.21 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-caryophyllene  5.58 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-cubebene  0.11 Relative ratio of the component      
        beta-thujone  2.89 Relative ratio of the component      
        borneol  3.39 Relative ratio of the component      
        bornyl acetate  0.96 Relative ratio of the component      
        cadinene  0.29 Relative ratio of the component      
        camphene  4.53 Relative ratio of the component      
        camphor  15.89 Relative ratio of the component      
        cis-sabinene hydrate  0.41 Relative ratio of the component      
        delta-cadinene  1.78 Relative ratio of the component      
        eucalyptol  12.82 Relative ratio of the component      
        farnesene  0.15 Relative ratio of the component      
        gamma-cadinene  0.92 Relative ratio of the component      
        gamma-selinene  0.3 Relative ratio of the component      
        gamma-terpinene  1.08 Relative ratio of the component      
        isopinocamphone  0.05 Relative ratio of the component      
        myrcene  5.8 Relative ratio of the component      
        p-cymene  3.6 Relative ratio of the component      
        sabinene  3.77 Relative ratio of the component      
        selinene  0.38 Relative ratio of the component      
        terpinen-4-ol  0.33 Relative ratio of the component      
        trans-pinocamphone  0.08 Relative ratio of the component      
        tricyclene  0.2 Relative ratio of the component      
        viridiflorene  0.51 Relative ratio of the component      
        viridiflorol  0.43 Relative ratio of the component      
 
Reference(s):

Anon. 1999. Oil of Spanish sage (Salvia lavandulaefolia). Lisboa Codex, Portugal.
 
Biondi, D., Cianci, P., Geraci, C., Ruberto, G., and Piattelli, M. 1993. Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of essential oils from Sicilian aromatic plants. Flavour Fragr. J. 8(6):331-337.
 
Boelens, M.H., and Boelens, H. 1997. Chemical and sensory evaluation of three sage oils. Perfum. Flavor. 22(2):19-40.
 
De Garci�a Mu�gica, G.M., and Torner Ochoa, J. 1974. Contribucion al estudio de los aceites esenciales Espanoles. II Aceites esenciales de la Provincia de Guadelajara. Inst. Nacion. Invest. Agrarias, Spain.
 
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Guill�n, M.D., and Manzanos, M.J. 1999. Extractable components of the aerial parts of Salvia lavandulifolia and composition of the liquid smoke flavoring obtained from them. J. Agric. Food Chem. 47(8):3016-3027.
 
Guill�n, M.D., Cabo, N., and Burillo, J. 1996. Characterisation of the essential oils of some cultivated aromatic plants of industrial interest. J. Sci. Food Agric. 70(3):359-363.
 
Kubeczka, K.-H., and Form�cek, V. 1982. Essential oils analysis by capillary gas chromatography and carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy. :219-226. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK.
 
Lawrence, B.M. 1998. Progress in essential oils. Spanish sage oil, thyme oil, cnnamon oil and wormwood oil. Perfum. Flavor. 23(1):39-50.
 
M�th�, I., Nagy, G., Dobos, A., Mikl�ssy, V.V., and Janics�k, G. 1997. Comparative studies on the essential oils of some species of sect. Salvia. In: Essential Oils: Basic and Applied Research, eds. Franz, C., Math� A., and Buchbauer, G. Allured Publ. Corp., Carol Stream, Illinois, USA. 244-247.
 
Rodriguez, M.A.C. 1983. Contribucion al estudio del aceite esencial de Salvia espanola (Salvia lavandulaefolia Vahl.). Thesis Univ. Complutense de Madrid.
 
Vernin, G., and Metzger, J. 1986. Analysis of sage oils by GC-MS data bank Salvia officinalis L. and Salvia lavendulifolia Vahl. Perfum. Flavor. 11(5):79-84.
 
 
Citation: El-Sayed AM 2025. The Pherobase: Database of Pheromones and Semiochemicals. <http://www.pherobase.com>.
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