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Environ Sci Technol

Title:		Air quality in Mecca and surrounding holy places in Saudi Arabia during Hajj: initial survey
Author(s):		Simpson IJ; Aburizaiza OS; Siddique A; Barletta B; Blake NJ; Gartner A; Khwaja H; Meinardi S; Zeb J; Blake DR;
Address:		"Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine (UC Irvine) , Irvine, California 92697, United States"
Journal Title:		Environ Sci Technol
Year:		2014
Volume:		20140710
Issue:		15
Page Number:		8529 - 8537
DOI:		10.1021/es5017476
ISSN/ISBN:		1520-5851 (Electronic) 0013-936X (Linking)
Abstract:		"The Arabian Peninsula experiences severe air pollution, the extent and sources of which are poorly documented. Each year in Saudi Arabia this situation is intensified during Hajj, the Holy Pilgrimage of Islam that draws millions of pilgrims to Mecca. An initial study of air quality in Mecca and surrounding holy sites during the 2012 Hajj (October 24-27) revealed strongly elevated levels of the combustion tracer carbon monoxide (CO, up to 57 ppmv) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) along the pilgrimage route-especially in the tunnels of Mecca-that are a concern for human health. The most abundant VOC was the gasoline evaporation tracer i-pentane, which exceeded 1200 ppbv in the tunnels. Even though VOC concentrations were generally lower during a follow-up non-Hajj sampling period (April 2013), many were still comparable to other large cities suffering from poor air quality. Major VOC sources during the 2012 Hajj study included vehicular exhaust, gasoline evaporation, liquefied petroleum gas, and air conditioners. Of the measured compounds, reactive alkenes and CO showed the strongest potential to form ground-level ozone. Because the number of pilgrims is expected to increase in the future, we present emission reduction strategies to target both combustive and evaporative fossil fuel sources"
Keywords:		Air Pollutants/*analysis Alkanes/*analysis Carbon Dioxide/*analysis Carbon Monoxide/*analysis Environmental Monitoring Fossil Fuels Ozone/chemistry Saudi Arabia Vehicle Emissions Volatile Organic Compounds/*analysis;
Notes:		"MedlineSimpson, Isobel J Aburizaiza, Omar S Siddique, Azhar Barletta, Barbara Blake, Nicola J Gartner, Aaron Khwaja, Haider Meinardi, Simone Zeb, Jahan Blake, Donald R eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 2014/07/02 Environ Sci Technol. 2014; 48(15):8529-37. doi: 10.1021/es5017476. Epub 2014 Jul 10"