| Title: | Emissions of Ultrafine Particles and Volatile Organic Compounds from Commercially Available Desktop Three-Dimensional Printers with Multiple Filaments |
| Author(s): | Azimi P; Zhao D; Pouzet C; Crain NE; Stephens B; |
| Address: | "Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology , Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States. Ecole des Ingenieurs de la Ville de Paris , 80 Rue Rebeval, 75019 Paris, France. Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712, United States" |
| ISSN/ISBN: | 1520-5851 (Electronic) 0013-936X (Linking) |
| Abstract: | "Previous research has shown that desktop 3D printers can emit large numbers of ultrafine particles (UFPs, particles less than 100 nm) and some hazardous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during printing, although very few filament and 3D printer combinations have been tested to date. Here we quantify emissions of UFPs and speciated VOCs from five commercially available filament extrusion desktop 3D printers utilizing up to nine different filaments by controlled experiments in a test chamber. Median estimates of time-varying UFP emission rates ranged from approximately 10(8) to approximately 10(11) min(-1) across all tested combinations, varying primarily by filament material and, to a lesser extent, bed temperature. The individual VOCs emitted in the largest quantities included caprolactam from nylon-based and imitation wood and brick filaments (ranging from approximately 2 to approximately 180 mug/min), styrene from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) filaments (ranging from approximately 10 to approximately 110 mug/min), and lactide from polylactic acid (PLA) filaments (ranging from approximately 4 to approximately 5 mug/min). Results from a screening analysis of potential exposure to these products in a typical small office environment suggest caution should be used when operating many of the printer and filament combinations in poorly ventilated spaces or without the aid of combined gas and particle filtration systems" |
| Keywords: | "Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis Particulate Matter/*analysis Printing Printing, Three-Dimensional/*instrumentation Volatile Organic Compounds/*analysis;" |
| Notes: | "MedlineAzimi, Parham Zhao, Dan Pouzet, Claire Crain, Neil E Stephens, Brent eng R0H010699/PHS HHS/ Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. 2016/01/08 Environ Sci Technol. 2016 Feb 2; 50(3):1260-8. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04983. Epub 2016 Jan 15" |
