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Front Mol Biosci

Title:		The Volatilomic Footprints of Human HGC-27 and CLS-145 Gastric Cancer Cell Lines
Author(s):		Leiherer A; Slefarska D; Leja M; Heinzle C; Mundlein A; Kikuste I; Mezmale L; Drexel H; Mayhew CA; Mochalski P;
Address:		"Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Feldkirch, Austria. Private University of the Principality of Liechtenstein, Triesen, Liechtenstein. Medical Central Laboratories, Feldkirch, Austria. Institute for Breath Research, University of Innsbruck, Dornbirn, Austria. Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland. Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia. Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia. Riga East University Hospital, Riga, Latvia. Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States. Molecular Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom"
Journal Title:		Front Mol Biosci
Year:		2020
Volume:		20210111
Issue:
Page Number:		607904 -
DOI:		10.3389/fmolb.2020.607904
ISSN/ISBN:		2296-889X (Print) 2296-889X (Electronic) 2296-889X (Linking)
Abstract:		"The presence of certain volatile biomarkers in the breath of patients with gastric cancer has been reported by several studies; however, the origin of these compounds remains controversial. In vitro studies, involving gastric cancer cells may address this problem and aid in revealing the biochemical pathways underlying the production and metabolism of gastric cancer volatile indicators. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection, coupled with headspace needle trap extraction as the pre-concentration technique, has been applied to map the volatilomic footprints of human HGC-27 and CLS-145 gastric cancer cell lines and normal Human Stomach Epithelial Cells (HSEC). In total, 27 volatile compounds are found to be associated with metabolism occurring in HGC-27, CLS-145, and HSEC. Amongst these, the headspace concentrations of 12 volatiles were found to be reduced compared to those above just the cultivating medium, namely there was an observed uptake of eight aldehydes (2-methylpropanal, 2-methyl-2-propenal, 2-methylbutanal, 3-methylbutanal, hexanal, heptanal, nonanal, and benzaldehyde), three heterocyclic compounds (2-methyl-furan, 2-ethyl-furan, and 2-pentyl-furan), and one sulfur-containing compound (dimethyl disulphide). For the other 15 volatiles, the headspace concentrations above the healthy and cancerous cells were found to be higher than those found above the cultivating medium, namely the cells were found to release three esters (ethyl acetate, ethyl propanoate, and ethyl 2-methylbutyrate), seven ketones (2-pentanone, 2-heptanone, 2-nonanone, 2-undecanone, 2-tridecanone, 2-pentadecanone, and 2-heptadecanone), three alcohols (2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol), one aromatic compound (toluene), and one sulfur containing compound [2-methyl-5-(methylthio) furan]. In comparison to HSEC, HGC-27 cancer cell lines were found to have significantly altered metabolism, manifested by an increased production of methyl ketones containing an odd number of carbons. Amongst these species, three volatiles were found exclusively to be produced by this cell line, namely 2-undecanone, 2-tridecanone, and 2-heptadecanone. Another interesting feature of the HGC-27 footprint is the lowered level of alcohols and esters. The CLS-145 cells exhibited less pronounced changes in their volatilomic pattern compared to HSEC. Their footprint was characterized by the upregulated production of esters and 2-ethyl-hexanol and downregulated production of other alcohols. We have therefore demonstrated that it is possible to differentiate between cancerous and healthy gastric cells using biochemical volatile signatures"
Keywords:		Cls-145 Gc-ms Hgc-27 chemical footprint gastric cancer volatile organic compounds;
Notes:		"PubMed-not-MEDLINELeiherer, Andreas Slefarska, Daria Leja, Marcis Heinzle, Christine Mundlein, Axel Kikuste, Ilze Mezmale, Linda Drexel, Heinz Mayhew, Chris A Mochalski, Pawel eng Switzerland 2021/02/16 Front Mol Biosci. 2021 Jan 11; 7:607904. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.607904. eCollection 2020"