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Toxicol Lett

Title:		Airway effects of repeated exposures to ozone-initiated limonene oxidation products as model of indoor air mixtures
Author(s):		Wolkoff P; Clausen PA; Larsen ST; Hammer M; Nielsen GD;
Address:		"National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Denmark. pwo@nrcwe.dk"
Journal Title:		Toxicol Lett
Year:		2012
Volume:		20111224
Issue:		2
Page Number:		166 - 172
DOI:		10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.12.008
ISSN/ISBN:		1879-3169 (Electronic) 0378-4274 (Linking)
Abstract:		"Repeated low-level indoor air exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) may influence the reporting of sensory irritation in the eyes and airways. The ozone-initiated reaction products of limonene, an abundant VOC, were used as a model of indoor air mixtures to study upper airway (sensory) irritation, bronchoconstrictive and alveolar level effects after repeated exposures. Mice were exposed 1h/day for 10 consecutive days to: air, limonene (52 ppm/289 mg/m(3)); ozone (0.1 ppm/0.2mg/m(3)); a reaction mixture of limonene (52+/-8 ppm) and ozone (0.5, 2.5 and 3.9 ppm) resulting in ~0.05 ppm residual ozone. Neither the limonene nor the ozone exposures alone showed consistent effects on the respiratory parameters. In the limonene/ozone groups, the respiratory rate decreased concentration-dependently with an extrapolated no-effect-level of ~0.3 ppm admixed ozone. Both sensory irritation and airflow limitation were conspicuous effects of the mixtures; sensory irritation appeared rapidly and airflow limitation developed slowly during each exposure. The effects of these parameters did not change with increasing number of exposures. No firm conclusion could be drawn about alveolar level effects. Cells in bronchoalveolar lavage were unchanged irrespective of exposure to air, ozone, and limonene with and without ozone. In conclusion, the study indicated that repeated exposures to ozone-initiated limonene mixtures did not cause sensitization of sensory irritation and airflow limitation. Bronchoalveolar lavage after exposures to ozone, and limonene with and without ozone, respectively, did not show airway inflammation"
Keywords:		"Air Pollution, Indoor/*adverse effects Animals Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/cytology Cyclohexenes/chemistry/*toxicity Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Inhalation Exposure/*adverse effects Limonene Linear Models Male Mice Mice, Inbred BALB C Ozone/chemistr;"
Notes:		"MedlineWolkoff, Peder Clausen, Per Axel Larsen, Soren Thor Hammer, Maria Nielsen, Gunnar Damgard eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Netherlands 2012/01/04 Toxicol Lett. 2012 Mar 7; 209(2):166-72. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.12.008. Epub 2011 Dec 24"