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J Chem Ecol

Title:		"Volatile compounds released by disturbed and calm adults of the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris"
Author(s):		Wardle AR; Borden JH; Pierce HD; Gries R;
Address:		"Center for Environmental Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6"
Journal Title:		J Chem Ecol
Year:		2003
Volume:		29
Issue:		4
Page Number:		931 - 944
DOI:		10.1023/a:1022987901330
ISSN/ISBN:		0098-0331 (Print) 0098-0331 (Linking)
Abstract:		"Volatile compounds released by disturbed and calm female and male Lygus lineolaris were collected and analyzed. Six major compounds were present in samples from disturbed bugs and from calm females: (E)-2-hexenal, 1-hexanol, (E)-2-hexenol, hexyl butyrate, (E)-2-hexenyl butyrate, and (E)-2,4-oxohexenal. (E)-2-hexenal was lacking in volatiles collected from calm males. Hexyl butyrate accounted for approximately 68% and 66% of volatiles released by agitated and calm females, and 87% and 88% of volatiles released by agitated and calm males, respectively. Blends released by disturbed insects differed quantitatively from blends released by calm insects, with amounts of compounds increasing 75-350 times in samples from disturbed insects. In static air bioassays, both females and males were repelled by natural volatiles collected from females and by five-component [(E)-2,4-oxohexenal excluded] and six-component synthetic blends at doses of 1 and 10 bug-hours, indicating that these volatiles may serve an alarm or epideictic function, as well as a possible role as defensive allomones. Adults also avoided hexyl butyrate, (E)-2-hexenyl butyrate, (E)-2-hexenol, and (E)-2,4-oxohexenal, but not 1-hexanol and (E)-2-hexenal when compounds were assayed individually in static air bioassays at doses equal to 1 bug-hour. When tested over 1 day in two-choice cage trials, adults did not prefer untreated bean plants over bean plants surrounded by vials releasing up to 8.1 mg/hr (= 234 bug-hours) of the five-component synthetic blend. Therefore, the volatiles produced by disturbed adults would not be useful as a repellent for L. lineolaris"
Keywords:		"Adaptation, Physiological Animals Biological Assay *Fear Female Hemiptera/*chemistry/physiology Male Movement Pheromones/*analysis Population Dynamics Volatilization;"
Notes:		"MedlineWardle, A R Borden, J H Pierce, H D Jr Gries, R eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 2003/05/31 J Chem Ecol. 2003 Apr; 29(4):931-44. doi: 10.1023/a:1022987901330"