| Title: | Ubiquity of hazardous airborne substances on passenger ferries |
| Author(s): | Targino AC; Oliveira MVB; Krecl P; |
| Address: | "Federal University of Technology, Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Londrina, Brazil. Electronic address: admirtargino@utfpr.edu.br. Federal University of Technology, Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Londrina, Brazil" |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127133 |
| ISSN/ISBN: | 1873-3336 (Electronic) 0304-3894 (Linking) |
| Abstract: | "The ferry service of the city of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) is one of the busiest in the world. However, a disadvantage of this mass transportation is the large emissions of hazardous substances from diesel combustion. We measured fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)), equivalent black carbon (eBC), particle number (PN) and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) while commuting by double-decker ferries. The particulate concentrations were larger in the lower than in the upper decks, attributed to the infiltration of smoke when ferries were docked and leakage through openings around the door frames during cruising. Boarding/alighting were the most polluted phases (eBC, PM(2.5) and PN were 3.3-, 1.4- and 2.7-fold larger than during cruising), due to the high engine load to keep the ferries locked in position, while TVOCs showed no statistically significant differences. Particulate concentrations on naturally ventilated vessels were between 2.5- and 3.5-fold larger than on the air-conditioned ones, but TVOCs were 150-fold higher in the latter, attributed to emissions from furniture and cleaning products. Mean eBC and PM(2.5) concentrations on-board the ferries surpassed those at the kerbside. Modernising or retrofitting the vessels could diminish the emissions of hazardous substances, while jet bridges could reduce the commuters' exposure during boarding" |
| Keywords: | *Air Pollutants/analysis *Air Pollution/analysis Brazil Environmental Monitoring Hazardous Substances Particulate Matter/analysis Vehicle Emissions/analysis Black carbon Fine particulate matter Mobile-source air toxics Personal exposure Traffic pollution; |
| Notes: | "MedlineTargino, Admir Creso Oliveira, Marcus Vinicius Batista Krecl, Patricia eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Netherlands 2021/09/17 J Hazard Mater. 2022 Feb 5; 423(Pt B):127133. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127133. Epub 2021 Sep 6" |
