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Sci Total Environ

Title:		"Fate, detection technologies and toxicity of heterocyclic PAHs in the aquatic and soil environments"
Author(s):		Ghosh P; Mukherji S;
Address:		"Environmental Science and Engineering Department (ESED), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India. Environmental Science and Engineering Department (ESED), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India. Electronic address: mitras@iitb.ac.in"
Journal Title:		Sci Total Environ
Year:		2023
Volume:		20230608
Issue:
Page Number:		164499 -
DOI:		10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164499
ISSN/ISBN:		1879-1026 (Electronic) 0048-9697 (Linking)
Abstract:		"Heterocyclic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are characterized by higher aqueous solubility and enhanced bioavailability due to presence of nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen heteroatoms in their chemical structure and are referred to as nitrogen (PANH), sulfur (PASH) and oxygen (PAOH) heterocyclic PAHs, respectively. Inspite of their significant ecotoxicity and human health impacts, these compounds have not yet been included in the U.S. EPA's list of 'priority PAH'. The current paper presents a comprehensive review of the environmental fate, various detection techniques and toxicity of heterocyclic PAH compounds, highlighting their significant environmental impacts. Heterocyclic PAHs have been detected at 0.03 to 11,000 ng/L in various aquatic bodies and at 0.1 to 3210 ng/g in contaminated land. PANHs are the most polar heterocyclic PAHs, having aqueous solubility at least 10 to 10,000 times higher than PAH, PASH, and PAOH compounds, which make them more bioavailable. Aquatic fate of heterocyclic PAHs is dominated by volatilization and biodegradation processes for low molecular weight (MW) compounds and photochemical oxidation for high MW compounds. Sorption of heterocyclic PAHs on soil is governed by partitioning to soil organic carbon, cation exchange, and surface complexation mechanisms for PANHs and non-specific interactions, such as van der Waals forces with soil organic carbon for PASHs and PAOHs. Various chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques, such as HPLC and GC, NMR, and TLC have been employed to elucidate their distribution and fate in the environment. PANHs are also the most acutely toxic heterocyclic PAHs with EC(50) values ranging from 0.001 to 1100 mg/L in various species of bacteria, algae, yeast, invertebrate, and fish. Heterocyclic PAHs also induce mutagenicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, and phototoxicity in various aquatic and benthic organisms and terrestrial animals. Compounds, such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) and some acridine derivatives are proven human carcinogens and several other heterocyclic PAHs are suspected human carcinogens"
Keywords:		Animals Humans Soil/chemistry Carbon *Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/analysis Invertebrates Water/analysis *Soil Pollutants/analysis Carcinogens/analysis Carcinogenicity Heterocyclic PAHs Mutagenicity Octanol-water partition coefficient Teratogenicity;
Notes:		"MedlineGhosh, Prasenjit Mukherji, Suparna eng Review Netherlands 2023/06/11 Sci Total Environ. 2023 Sep 20; 892:164499. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164499. Epub 2023 Jun 8"