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Water Res

Title:		A non-target screening study of high-density polyethylene pipes revealed rubber compounds as main contaminant in a drinking water distribution system
Author(s):		Diera T; Thomsen AH; Tisler S; Karlby LT; Christensen P; Rosshaug PS; Albrechtsen HJ; Christensen JH;
Address:		"Analytical Chemistry Group, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark. Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark. HOFOR, Greater Copenhagen Utility, Orestads Boulevard 35, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark. Analytical Chemistry Group, Department of Plant and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark. Electronic address: jch@plen.ku.dk"
Journal Title:		Water Res
Year:		2023
Volume:		20221208
Issue:
Page Number:		119480 -
DOI:		10.1016/j.watres.2022.119480
ISSN/ISBN:		1879-2448 (Electronic) 0043-1354 (Linking)
Abstract:		"Polyethylene (PE) pipes are often the material of choice for water supply systems, thanks to their favorable properties, such as high strength-density ratio and corrosion resistance. However, previous studies have shown that organic compounds can migrate from PE pipes to the water. This study aimed to identify potential organic compounds migrating from high-density PE (HDPE) pipes used to distribute drinking water in Denmark, based on laboratory experiments and sampling in the distribution system using a two-tiered study design. In the first tier, migration of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds (VOCs and semi-VOCs) from HDPE pipes were investigated over one, three, and nine days in laboratory experiments, performed according to modified standards for migration testing (EN 12,873-1). The analytical workflow consisted of solid-phase extraction (SPE) for 10,000 times enrichment and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis from the water phase after migration. A total of 133 compounds originating from the PE pipes were detected. Thirty-one compounds were detected by suspect screening (SS), while the remaining 102 compounds were detected by non-target screening (NTS) analysis. Among the detected compounds were also hindered amine stabilizers (HALS), flame retardant, and plasticizer tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate. In the second tier, drinking water from a water distribution system in Copenhagen, Denmark, with a newly installed HDPE pipe was sampled and analyzed with GC-MS and liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LCHRMS). A total of 51 compounds were detected in the water, 12 of which were assigned to migration from HDPE. Surprisingly, HDPE antioxidants and their degradation products contributed only a relatively small percentage of the total measured compound intensities in the drinking water distribution system. Instead, a larger proportion of the compounds detected were assigned to rubber seals, used upstream in the water system from the abstraction site to delivery at the consumer tap. Seals are considered trifle in the larger picture of materials in contact with drinking water, however these results may cause a reconsideration of this position"
Keywords:		"*Drinking Water/chemistry Water Supply Polyethylene/analysis Rubber *Volatile Organic Compounds/analysis *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis Freshwater analysis Gc-ms HDPE pipes Migration Non-targeted analysis Water contaminants;"
Notes:		"MedlineDiera, Tomas Thomsen, Anne Holm Tisler, Selina Karlby, Lone Tolstrup Christensen, Peter Rosshaug, Per Sand Albrechtsen, Hans-Jorgen Christensen, Jan H eng England 2022/12/19 Water Res. 2023 Feb 1; 229:119480. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119480. Epub 2022 Dec 8"