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PLoS One

Title:		Differentiating coeliac disease from irritable bowel syndrome by urinary volatile organic compound analysis--a pilot study
Author(s):		Arasaradnam RP; Westenbrink E; McFarlane MJ; Harbord R; Chambers S; O'Connell N; Bailey C; Nwokolo CU; Bardhan KD; Savage R; Covington JA;
Address:		"Clinical Sciences Research Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, Warwickshire, United Kingdom; Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Coventry & Warwickshire, Coventry, Warwickshire, United Kingdom. School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, Warwickshire, United Kingdom. Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Coventry & Warwickshire, Coventry, Warwickshire, United Kingdom. MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, Warwickshire, United Kingdom. Rotherham General Hospital, Rotherham, Yorkshire, United Kingdom. Department of Bioinformatics, University of Warwick, Coventry, Warwickshire, United Kingdom"
Journal Title:		PLoS One
Year:		2014
Volume:		20141016
Issue:		10
Page Number:		e107312 -
DOI:		10.1371/journal.pone.0107312
ISSN/ISBN:		1932-6203 (Electronic) 1932-6203 (Linking)
Abstract:		"Coeliac disease (CD), a T-cell-mediated gluten sensitive enteropathy, affects approximately 1% of the UK population and can present with wide ranging clinical features, often being mistaken for Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Heightened clinical awareness and serological screening identifies those with potential coeliac disease; the diagnosis is confirmed with duodenal biopsies, and symptom improvement with a gluten-free diet. Limitations to diagnosis are false negative serology and reluctance to undergo biopsy. The gut microbiome is altered in several gastrointestinal disorders, causing altered gut fermentation patterns recognisable by volatile organic compounds (VOC) analysis in urine, breath and faeces. We aimed to determine if CD alters the urinary VOC pattern, distinguishing it from IBS. 47 patients were recruited, 27 with established CD, on gluten free diets, and 20 with diarrhoea-predominant IBS (D-IBS). Collected urine was stored frozen in 10 ml aliquots. For assay, the specimens were heated to 40 +/- 0.1 degrees C and the headspace analysed by Field Asymmetric Ion Mobility Spectrometry (FAIMS). Machine learning algorithms were used for statistical evaluation. Samples were also analysed using Gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Sparse logistic regression showed that FAIMS distinguishes VOCs in CD vs D-IBS with ROC curve AUC of 0.91 (0.83-0.99), sensitivity and specificity of 85% respectively. GCMS showed a unique peak at 4'67 found only in CD, not D-IBS, which correlated with the compound 1,3,5,7 cyclooctatetraene. This study suggests that FAIMS offers a novel, non-invasive approach to identify those with possible CD, and distinguishes from D-IBS. It offers the potential for monitoring compliance with a gluten-free diet at home. The presence of cyclooctatetraene in CD specimens will need further validation"
Keywords:		"Adult Celiac Disease/*diagnosis/*urine Diagnosis, Differential Female Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Humans Irritable Bowel Syndrome/*diagnosis/*urine Male Middle Aged Pilot Projects Volatile Organic Compounds/*urine;"
Notes:		"MedlineArasaradnam, Ramesh P Westenbrink, Eric McFarlane, Michael J Harbord, Ruth Chambers, Samantha O'Connell, Nicola Bailey, Catherine Nwokolo, Chuka U Bardhan, Karna D Savage, Richard Covington, James A eng G0902104/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 2014/10/21 PLoS One. 2014 Oct 16; 9(10):e107312. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107312. eCollection 2014"