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Sci Rep

Title:		Application of humic acid and biofertilizers changes oil and phenolic compounds of fennel and fenugreek in intercropping systems
Author(s):		Ghaderimokri L; Rezaei-Chiyaneh E; Ghiyasi M; Gheshlaghi M; Battaglia ML; Siddique KHM;
Address:		"Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. e.rezaeichiyaneh@urmia.ac.ir. Department of Chromatography, Iranian Academic Center for Education Culture and Research (ACECR), Urmia, Iran. Center for Sustainability Science, The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA, USA. The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia"
Journal Title:		Sci Rep
Year:		2022
Volume:		20220408
Issue:		1
Page Number:		5946 -
DOI:		10.1038/s41598-022-09645-4
ISSN/ISBN:		2045-2322 (Electronic) 2045-2322 (Linking)
Abstract:		"The study investigated the effect of organic/biofertilizers in intercropping patterns on seed yield and yield components and essential oil, fatty acid, and phenolic compounds of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). Experimental treatments included the application of humic acid (HA), biofertilizers (BFS), and the unfertilized control in five planting patterns [1 row fennel + 2 rows fenugreek intercropping (1F:2FG), 2 rows fennel + 2 rows fenugreek intercropping (2F:2FG), 2 rows fennel + 4 rows fenugreek intercropping (2F:4FG), and sole cropping of each species]. Sole cropping with BFS produced the highest seed yields for fennel (2233 kg ha(-1)) and fenugreek (1240 kg ha(-1)). In contrast, the 2F:2FG intercropping ratio with BFS yielded the maximum fixed oil content for fennel (17.4%) and fenugreek (8.3%). Application of HA and BFS enhanced oil yields by 66% and 75% in fennel and 40% and 57% in fenugreek, respectively. The 2F:2FG intercropping ratio with BFS produced the maximum essential oil constituents [(E)-anethole, estragole, and fenchone] in fennel. In addition, 2F:4FG with BFS and 1F:1FG with HA produced the highest unsaturated fatty acid (oleic and linoleic acids) concentration in both species. The 2F:2FG intercropping ratio with BFS and HA produced the highest chlorogenic acid and quercetin contents, respectively, in fennel. In contrast, the 2F:4FG intercropping ratio with HA produced the highest chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid contents in fenugreek. Intercropping fennel/fenugreek with BFS or HA improved the essential oil content (fennel only), fixed oil quality and quantity, and phenolic compounds and created a more sustainable cultivation system than sole cropping systems for both species under low-input conditions"
Keywords:		"Chlorogenic Acid *Foeniculum Humic Substances *Oils, Volatile Phenols *Trigonella;"
Notes:		"MedlineGhaderimokri, Lavin Rezaei-Chiyaneh, Esmaeil Ghiyasi, Mahdi Gheshlaghi, Mohammad Battaglia, Martin Leonardo Siddique, Kadambot H M eng England 2022/04/10 Sci Rep. 2022 Apr 8; 12(1):5946. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-09645-4"