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Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol

Title:		Exhaled breath metabolomics reveals a pathogen-specific response in a rat pneumonia model for two human pathogenic bacteria: a proof-of-concept study
Author(s):		van Oort PM; Brinkman P; Slingers G; Koppen G; Maas A; Roelofs JJ; Schnabel R; Bergmans DC; Raes M; Goodacre R; Fowler SJ; Schultz MJ; Bos LD;
Address:		"Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Center-Academic Medical Centre , Amsterdam , The Netherlands. Hasselt University , Hasselt , Belgium. Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Mol, Belgium. Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , The Netherlands. Manchester Institute of Biotechnology , Manchester , United Kingdom. University of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom"
Journal Title:		Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol
Year:		2019
Volume:		20190213
Issue:		5
Page Number:		L751 - L756
DOI:		10.1152/ajplung.00449.2018
ISSN/ISBN:		1522-1504 (Electronic) 1040-0605 (Linking)
Abstract:		"Volatile organic compounds in breath can reflect host and pathogen metabolism and might be used to diagnose pneumonia. We hypothesized that rats with Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) or Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) pneumonia can be discriminated from uninfected controls by thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass-spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) and selected ion flow tube-mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) of exhaled breath. Male adult rats (n = 50) received an intratracheal inoculation of 1) 200 microl saline, or 2) 1 x 10(7) colony-forming units of SP or 3) 1 x 10(7) CFU of PA. Twenty-four hours later the rats were anaesthetized, tracheotomized, and mechanically ventilated. Exhaled breath was analyzed via TD-GC-MS and SIFT-MS. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROCCs) and correct classification rate (CCRs) were calculated after leave-one-out cross-validation of sparse partial least squares-discriminant analysis. Analysis of GC-MS data showed an AUROCC (95% confidence interval) of 0.85 (0.73-0.96) and CCR of 94.6% for infected versus noninfected animals, AUROCC of 0.98 (0.94-1) and CCR of 99.9% for SP versus PA, 0.92 (0.83-1.00), CCR of 98.1% for SP versus controls and 0.97 (0.92-1.00), and CCR of 99.9% for PA versus controls. For these comparisons the SIFT-MS data showed AUROCCs of 0.54, 0.89, 0.63, and 0.79, respectively. Exhaled breath analysis discriminated between respiratory infection and no infection but with even better accuracy between specific pathogens. Future clinical studies should not only focus on the presence of respiratory infection but also on the discrimination between specific pathogens"
Keywords:		"Animals Breath Tests Disease Models, Animal Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Humans Male *Metabolome *Metabolomics Pneumonia, Pneumococcal/*metabolism Pseudomonas Infections/*metabolism *Pseudomonas aeruginosa Rats Rats, Sprague-Dawley *Streptococcus;"
Notes:		"Medlinevan Oort, Pouline M Brinkman, Paul Slingers, Gitte Koppen, Gudrun Maas, Adrie Roelofs, Joris J Schnabel, Ronny Bergmans, Dennis C Raes, M Goodacre, Royston Fowler, Stephen J Schultz, Marcus J Bos, Lieuwe D eng 2019/02/14 Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2019 May 1; 316(5):L751-L756. doi: 10.1152/ajplung.00449.2018. Epub 2019 Feb 13"