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PLoS One

Title:		Urinary Volatile Organic Compounds for the Detection of Prostate Cancer
Author(s):		Khalid T; Aggio R; White P; de Lacy Costello B; Persad R; Al-Kateb H; Jones P; Probert CS; Ratcliffe N;
Address:		"Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom. Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom. Institute of Biosensor Technology, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom. Bristol Urological Institute, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom"
Journal Title:		PLoS One
Year:		2015
Volume:		20151124
Issue:		11
Page Number:		e0143283 -
DOI:		10.1371/journal.pone.0143283
ISSN/ISBN:		1932-6203 (Electronic) 1932-6203 (Linking)
Abstract:		"The aim of this work was to investigate volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emanating from urine samples to determine whether they can be used to classify samples into those from prostate cancer and non-cancer groups. Participants were men referred for a trans-rectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy because of an elevated prostate specific antigen (PSA) level or abnormal findings on digital rectal examination. Urine samples were collected from patients with prostate cancer (n = 59) and cancer-free controls (n = 43), on the day of their biopsy, prior to their procedure. VOCs from the headspace of basified urine samples were extracted using solid-phase micro-extraction and analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Classifiers were developed using Random Forest (RF) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) classification techniques. PSA alone had an accuracy of 62-64% in these samples. A model based on 4 VOCs, 2,6-dimethyl-7-octen-2-ol, pentanal, 3-octanone, and 2-octanone, was marginally more accurate 63-65%. When combined, PSA level and these four VOCs had mean accuracies of 74% and 65%, using RF and LDA, respectively. With repeated double cross-validation, the mean accuracies fell to 71% and 65%, using RF and LDA, respectively. Results from VOC profiling of urine headspace are encouraging and suggest that there are other metabolomic avenues worth exploring which could help improve the stratification of men at risk of prostate cancer. This study also adds to our knowledge on the profile of compounds found in basified urine, from controls and cancer patients, which is useful information for future studies comparing the urine from patients with other disease states"
Keywords:		"Adult Aged Aged, 80 and over *Biomarkers, Tumor Case-Control Studies Discriminant Analysis Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Humans Male Middle Aged Models, Statistical Prostate-Specific Antigen/metab;"
Notes:		"MedlineKhalid, Tanzeela Aggio, Raphael White, Paul De Lacy Costello, Ben Persad, Raj Al-Kateb, Huda Jones, Peter Probert, Chris S Ratcliffe, Norman eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 2015/11/26 PLoS One. 2015 Nov 24; 10(11):e0143283. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143283. eCollection 2015"