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J Chem Ecol

Title:		"Repellent and Attractive Effects of alpha-, beta-, and Dihydro-beta- Ionone to Generalist and Specialist Herbivores"
Author(s):		Caceres LA; Lakshminarayan S; Yeung KK; McGarvey BD; Hannoufa A; Sumarah MW; Benitez X; Scott IM;
Address:		"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada. Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada. Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada. ian.scott@agr.gc.ca"
Journal Title:		J Chem Ecol
Year:		2016
Volume:		20160206
Issue:		2
Page Number:		107 - 117
DOI:		10.1007/s10886-016-0669-z
ISSN/ISBN:		1573-1561 (Electronic) 0098-0331 (Linking)
Abstract:		"In plants, the oxidative cleavage of carotenoid substrates produces volatile apocarotenoids, including alpha-ionone, beta-ionone, and dihydro-beta-ionone, compounds that are important in herbivore-plant communication. For example, beta-ionone is part of an induced defense in canola, Brassica napus, and is released following wounding by herbivores. The objectives of the research were to evaluate whether these volatile compounds would: 1) be released in higher quantities from plants through the over-expression of the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase1 (CCD1) gene and 2) cause herbivores to be repelled or attracted to over-expressing plants relative to the wild-type. In vivo dynamic headspace collection of volatiles coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to determine volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the headspace of the Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Columbia-0 (L.) over-expressing the AtCCD1 gene. The analytical method allowed the detection of beta-ionone in the Arabidopsis headspace where emission rates ranged between 2 and 5-fold higher compared to the wild type, thus corroborating the in vivo enhancement of gene expression. A two chamber choice test between wild type and AtCCD1 plants revealed that crucifer flea beetle Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) adults were repelled by the AtCCD1 plants with the highest transcription and beta-ionone levels. alpha-Ionone and dihydro-beta-ionone were not found in the headspace analysis, but solutions of the three compounds were tested in the concentration range of beta-ionone found in the Arabidopsis headspace (0.05 to 0.5 ng/mul) in order to assess their biological activity with crucifer flea beetle, two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae (Koch), and silverleaf whiteflies Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius). Choice bioassays demonstrated that beta-ionone has a strong repellent effect toward both the flea beetle and the spider mite, and significant oviposition deterrence to whiteflies. In contrast, dihydro-beta-ionone had attractant properties, especially to the crucifer flea beetle, while alpha-ionone did not show any significant activity. These findings demonstrate how regulating genes of the carotenoid pathway can increase herbivore deterrent volatiles, a novel tool for insect pest management"
Keywords:		Animals Coleoptera/*physiology Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Hemiptera/*physiology *Herbivory Mites/*physiology Norisoprenoids/*physiology Volatilization Apocarotenoid Attractive Bioassay Dynamic headspace Ionone Repellent;
Notes:		"MedlineCaceres, L A Lakshminarayan, S Yeung, K K-C McGarvey, B D Hannoufa, A Sumarah, M W Benitez, X Scott, I M eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 2016/02/08 J Chem Ecol. 2016 Feb; 42(2):107-17. doi: 10.1007/s10886-016-0669-z. Epub 2016 Feb 6"