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Environ Pollut

Title:		"Investigation of in-cabin volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in taxis; influence of vehicle's age, model, fuel, and refueling"
Author(s):		Bakhtiari R; Hadei M; Hopke PK; Shahsavani A; Rastkari N; Kermani M; Yarahmadi M; Ghaderpoori A;
Address:		"Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran. Electronic address: M-hadei@razi.tums.ac.ir. Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA. Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: ashahsavani@gmail.com. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Environmental and Occupational Health Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"
Journal Title:		Environ Pollut
Year:		2018
Volume:		20180315
Issue:
Page Number:		348 - 355
DOI:		10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.063
ISSN/ISBN:		1873-6424 (Electronic) 0269-7491 (Linking)
Abstract:		"The air pollutant species and concentrations in taxis' cabins can present significant health impacts on health. This study measured the concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene (BTEX), formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde in the cabins of four different taxi models. The effects of taxi's age, fuel type, and refueling were investigated. Four taxi models in 3 age groups were fueled with 3 different fuels (gas, compressed natural gas (CNG), and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)), and the concentrations of 6 air pollutants were measured in the taxi cabins before and after refueling. BTEX, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde sampling were actively sampled using NIOSH methods 1501, 2541, and 2538, respectively. The average BTEX concentrations for all taxi models were below guideline values. The average concentrations (+/-SD) of formaldehyde in Model 1 to Model 4 taxis were 889 (+/-356), 806 (+/-323), 1144 (+/-240), and 934 (+/-167) ppbv, respectively. Acetaldehyde average concentrations (+/-SD) in Model 1 to Model 4 taxis were 410 (+/-223), 441 (+/-241), 443 (+/-210), and 482 (+/-91) ppbv, respectively. Refueling increased the in-vehicle concentrations of pollutants primarily the CNG and LPG fuels. BTEX concentrations in all taxi models were significantly higher for gasoline. Taxi age inversely affected formaldehyde and acetaldehyde. In conclusion, it seems that refueling process and substitution of gasoline with CNG and LPG can be considered as solutions to improve in-vehicle air concentrations for taxis"
Keywords:		"Acetaldehyde/analysis Air Pollutants/*analysis Air Pollution Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis/statistics & numerical data Automobiles/*statistics & numerical data Benzene/analysis Benzene Derivatives *Environmental Monitoring Formaldehyde/analysis Gasoline/;"
Notes:		"MedlineBakhtiari, Reza Hadei, Mostafa Hopke, Philip K Shahsavani, Abbas Rastkari, Noushin Kermani, Majid Yarahmadi, Maryam Ghaderpoori, Afshin eng England 2018/03/04 Environ Pollut. 2018 Jun; 237:348-355. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.063. Epub 2018 Mar 15"