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J Appl Toxicol

Title:		Evaluation of skin sensitization induced by four ionic liquids
Author(s):		Frawley RP; Germolec DR; Johnson VJ; Gulledge T; Manheng W; White K; Shockley KR; Harris SF; Hooth M; Ryan K;
Address:		"Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, USA. Burleson Research Technologies, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina, USA. StrideBio, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA. Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, North Carolina, USA. DLH Corporation, Durham, North Carolina, USA"
Journal Title:		J Appl Toxicol
Year:		2022
Volume:		20210828
Issue:		3
Page Number:		392 - 408
DOI:		10.1002/jat.4224
ISSN/ISBN:		1099-1263 (Electronic) 0260-437X (Linking)
Abstract:		"Ionic liquids (ILs) are synthetic solvents used as replacements for volatile organic solvents. Human exposure occurs through dermal or oral routes. In rodents, several ILs were reported to induce dermal toxicity, irritation, and sensitization. Due to the potential for occupational exposure, and industrial use as nonvolatile solvents, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMIM, 6.25% to 50% v/v), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIM, 3.12% to 12.5% v/v), 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium chloride (BMPY, 0.825% to 6.25% v/v), and N-butylpyridinium chloride (NBuPY, 0.825% to 12.5% v/v) were nominated to the National Toxicology Program and evaluated for skin sensitization. The test compound was applied to the ears of female BALB/c mice daily for 3 days in a primary irritancy (IRR)/local lymph node assay (LLNA). Sensitization was assessed in vitro in the direct peptide reactivity assay (DPRA), KeratinoSens assay, and human cell line activation test (h-CLAT). In the LLNA, the butylated ILs, BMIM, and BMPY were more potent than NBuPY (butylated) or EMIM (ethylated), which was neither an irritant nor a sensitizer. NBuPY induced skin irritation in vivo at >/=3.12% (p
Keywords:		"Animals Chlorides/*adverse effects Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/*etiology Female Ionic Liquids/*adverse effects Mice Mice, Inbred BALB C Skin/*drug effects 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium chloride (BMPY) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIM) 1-ethyl-3;"
Notes:		"MedlineFrawley, Rachel P Germolec, Dori R Johnson, Victor J Gulledge, Travis Manheng, Wimolnut White, Kimber Jr Shockley, Keith R Harris, Shawn F Hooth, Michelle Ryan, Kristen eng HHSN273201400017C/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ HHSN27320160001C/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ N01-ES-55551/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ N01-ES-55538/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural England 2021/08/29 J Appl Toxicol. 2022 Mar; 42(3):392-408. doi: 10.1002/jat.4224. Epub 2021 Aug 28"