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J Environ Manage

Title:		Characterisation and cleaning of biogas from sewage sludge for biomethane production
Author(s):		Paolini V; Petracchini F; Carnevale M; Gallucci F; Perilli M; Esposito G; Segreto M; Occulti LG; Scaglione D; Ianniello A; Frattoni M;
Address:		"National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, via Salaria 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy. Electronic address: v.paolini@iia.cnr.it. National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, via Salaria 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy. Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria, Unita di Ricerca per l'Ingegneria Agraria, Via della Pascolare 16, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy. Ecospray Technologies S.r.l., Via Circonvallazione 14, 15050 Alzano Scrivia, Italy. Water Agency of Milan Gruppo CAP S.p.A., Via del Mulino 2, 20090 Assago, Italy"
Journal Title:		J Environ Manage
Year:		2018
Volume:		20180405
Issue:
Page Number:		288 - 296
DOI:		10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.03.113
ISSN/ISBN:		1095-8630 (Electronic) 0301-4797 (Linking)
Abstract:		"This study investigates the conversion of sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) into biomethane for automotive fuel or grid injection. A prototype plant was monitored in Northern Italy, based on vacuum swing adsorption (VSA) on synthetic zeolite 13x: this biogas upgrading method is similar to pressure swing adsorption (PSA) and commonly used for other kinds of biomass. Measurements of biogas inlet, biomethane outlet and off-gas were performed including CH(4), CO(2), CO, H(2), O(2), N(2), HCl, HF, NH(3), H(2)S and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Critical levels were observed in the biogas for of H(2)S and HCl, whose concentrations were 1570 and 26.8?ª+mg?ª+m(-3), respectively. On the other hand, the concentration of halogenated VOCs (including tetrachloroethylene and traces of perfluoroalkilated substances, PFAS) and mercaptans were relatively low. A simultaneous and reversible adsorption on 13x zeolite was achieved for H(2)S and CO(2), and carbon filters played a minor role in desulfurisation. The presence of HCl is due to clarifying agents, and its removal is necessary in order to meet the required biomethane characteristics: an additional carbon-supported basic adsorbent was successfully used to remove this contaminant. This study also highlights the interference of CO(2) towards HCl if sampling is performed in compliance with the new EU standard for biomethane. High total volatile silicon (TVS) was confirmed in sewage sludge biogas, with a major contribution of siloxane D5: the suitability of this compound as an indicator of total siloxanes is discussed. Results demonstrate that volatile methyl siloxanes (VMS) do not represent a critical issue for the VSA upgrading methodology"
Keywords:		*Biofuels Italy *Sewage Siloxanes Wastewater Biogas Pressure swing adsorption Sewage sludge Zeolite;
Notes:		"MedlinePaolini, Valerio Petracchini, Francesco Carnevale, Monica Gallucci, Francesco Perilli, Mattia Esposito, Giulio Segreto, Marco Occulti, Leandro Galanti Scaglione, Davide Ianniello, Antonietta Frattoni, Massimiliano eng England 2018/04/04 J Environ Manage. 2018 Jul 1; 217:288-296. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.03.113. Epub 2018 Apr 5"