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J Econ Entomol

Title:		Is biofix necessary for predicting codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) emergence in Washington State apple orchards?
Author(s):		Jones VP; Doerr M; Brunner JF;
Address:		"Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Department of Entomology, Washington State University, 1100 N. Western Avenue, Wenatchee, WA 98801, USA. vpjones@wsu.edu"
Journal Title:		J Econ Entomol
Year:		2008
Volume:		101
Issue:		5
Page Number:		1651 - 1657
DOI:		10.1603/0022-0493(2008)101[1651:ibnfpc]2.0.co;2
ISSN/ISBN:		0022-0493 (Print) 0022-0493 (Linking)
Abstract:		"The heat-driven phenology model used for initiating codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), management in Washington state was examined to determine the need for using the capture of the first moth as a method of synchronizing the model and phenology of field populations (= biofix). We examined trap catch data taken at 1-2-d intervals from two research orchards; one data set encompassed a 28-yr period and the other data set a 4-yr period. We also examined consultant-collected data taken at 7-10-d intervals from 15 sites (N = 81), mostly between 2001 and 2005. At the two research sites, we found the mean biofix occurred at 96 degree-days (DD) (DD Celsius by using 10 degrees C lower threshold and 31.1 degrees C horizontal upper threshold) after 1 January (SD = 14.4; min. = 68, max = 122). After correcting for longer sampling intervals in the consultant data set, the biofix at the nonresearch sites occurred at 97 DD (N = 50, SD = 14.4; min. = 74, max = 120), nearly identical to that at the research sites. We also examined the performance of the codling moth model at predicting moth flight and egg hatch using a biofix and by just accumulating heat units from 1 January. The model performance was similar in both generations regardless of whether a biofix was used. The elimination of biofix simplifies management and eliminates mistakes associated with poor trap catch, particularly in low-pressure situations where mating disruption reduces trap efficiency"
Keywords:		"Animals *Hot Temperature Larva/growth & development *Malus Models, Biological Moths/*growth & development Ovum/growth & development Time Factors Washington;"
Notes:		"MedlineJones, Vincent P Doerr, Michael Brunner, Jay F eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't England 2008/10/28 J Econ Entomol. 2008 Oct; 101(5):1651-7. doi: 10.1603/0022-0493(2008)101[1651:ibnfpc]2.0.co; 2"