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Planta Med

Title:		Inhibition of prostate cancer (LNCaP) cell proliferation by volatile components from Nagami kumquats
Author(s):		Jayaprakasha GK; Murthy KN; Demarais R; Patil BS;
Address:		"Vegetable & Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA"
Journal Title:		Planta Med
Year:		2012
Volume:		20120606
Issue:		10
Page Number:		974 - 980
DOI:		10.1055/s-0031-1298619
ISSN/ISBN:		1439-0221 (Electronic) 0032-0943 (Linking)
Abstract:		"Fresh Nagami kumquats (Fortunella margarita) were subjected to hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus to obtain volatile oil. The chemical composition of the volatile oil was analyzed by GC-MS using Rtx-5 Sil MS and DB Wax columns. A total of 25 volatile compounds were identified by mass spectra, retention index, and comparison with known standards. The major identified compounds are d-limonene (41.64 %), beta-myrecene (16.54 %), linalyl propionate (9.55 %), and germacrene-D (5.93 %) from the Rtx-5 Sil MS column; d-limonene and beta-myrecene were also separated as major compounds on the DB wax column. The oil is rich in hydrocarbons (77.41 %) consisting of 60.05 % monoterpenes and 17.36 % sesquiterpenes. Interestingly, oxygenated hydrocarbons (17.6 %) were also found in kumquat volatile oil. Certain volatile compounds were also confirmed by positive chemical ionization and NMR spectra. Further, the volatile oil demonstrated good DPPH radical scavenging activity and antioxidant capacity. Kumquat volatile oil at 200 ppm concentration exhibited 55 %, 61 %, and 63.4 % inhibition of human prostate cancer (LNCaP) cell proliferation at 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively, by cell count assays. Significant increases in expression of bax/bcl2 and p53 proteins confirmed that volatile oil induces apoptosis. In addition, inhibition of inflammatory markers such as NF-kappaB and Cox-2 was observed. The cleavage of caspase-8 in the LNCaP cells treated with volatile oil demonstrated that apoptosis occurred through an extrinsic pathway. This is the first report of the identification and possible mechanisms of in vitro antiproliferative effects of kumquat volatile components on human prostate cancer (LNCaP) cells"
Keywords:		"Acyclic Monoterpenes Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/chemistry/isolation & purification/*pharmacology Antioxidants/chemistry/isolation & purification/pharmacology Apoptosis/drug effects Cell Count/methods Cell Line, Tumor Cell Proliferation/*drug effect;"
Notes:		"MedlineJayaprakasha, Guddadarangavvanahally K Murthy, Kotamballi N Chidambara Demarais, Rock Patil, Bhimanagouda S eng Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Germany 2012/06/08 Planta Med. 2012 Jun; 78(10):974-80. doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1298619. Epub 2012 Jun 6"