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J Toxicol Environ Health A

Title:		Risk assessment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) detected in sanitary pads
Author(s):		Kim HY; Lee JD; Kim JY; Lee JY; Bae ON; Choi YK; Baek E; Kang S; Min C; Seo K; Choi K; Lee BM; Kim KB;
Address:		"a College of Pharmacy, Dankook University , Cheonan , Republic of Korea. b Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Republic of Korea. c BK21plus team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea , Bucheon , Republic of Korea. d College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University , Ansan , South Korea. e Cosmetics Research Team, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety , Osong , Republic of Korea"
Journal Title:		J Toxicol Environ Health A
Year:		2019
Volume:		20190721
Issue:		11
Page Number:		678 - 695
DOI:		10.1080/15287394.2019.1642607
ISSN/ISBN:		1528-7394 (Print) 0098-4108 (Linking)
Abstract:		"Disposable sanitary pads are a necessity for women's health, but safety concerns regarding the use of these products have created anxiety. The aim of this study was to conduct a risk assessment of 74 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which were expected to be contained within sanitary pads. Of the 74 VOCs, 50 were found in sanitary pads retailed in Korea at concentrations ranging from 0.025 to 3548.09 microg/pad. In order to undertake a risk assessment of the VOCs, the toxicological database of these compounds in the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), National Toxicology Program (NTP) and World Health Organization (WHO) was searched. Ethanol was found to exhibit the highest reference dose (RfD) while 1,2-dibromo-3-chloro-propane displayed the lowest RfD. Consequently, a worst-case exposure scenario was applied in this study. It was assumed that there was the use of 7.5 sanitary napkins/day for 7 days/month. In the case of panty liners or overnight sanitary napkins, the utilization of 90 panty liners/month or 21 overnight sanitary napkins/month was assumed, respectively. In addition, 43 kg, the body weight of 12 to 13-year-old young women, and 100% VOCs skin absorption were employed for risk assessment. The systemic exposure dose (SED) values were calculated ranging from 1.74 (1,1,2-trichloroethane) ng/kg/day to 144.4 (ethanol, absolute) microg/kg/day. Uncertainty factors (UFs) were applied ranging from 10 to 100,000 in accordance with the robustness of animal or human experiments. The margin of exposure (MOE) of 34 VOCs was more than 1 (acceptable MOE > 1). Applicable carcinogenic references reported that the cancer risk of five VOCs was below 10(-6). Based on our findings, evidence indicates that the non-cancer and cancer risks associated with VOCs detected in sanitary pads currently used in South Korea do not pose an adverse health risk in women"
Keywords:		Air Pollutants/*analysis *Consumer Product Safety Environmental Exposure/*analysis Environmental Monitoring Humans Risk Assessment Risk Factors Volatile Organic Compounds/*toxicity Women's Health Volatile organic compound (VOC) margin of exposure (MOE) sa;
Notes:		"MedlineKim, Hyang Yeon Lee, Jung Dae Kim, Ji-Young Lee, Joo Young Bae, Ok-Nam Choi, Yong-Kyu Baek, Eunji Kang, Sejin Min, Chungsik Seo, Kyungwon Choi, Kihwan Lee, Byung-Mu Kim, Kyu-Bong eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't England 2019/07/23 J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2019; 82(11):678-695. doi: 10.1080/15287394.2019.1642607. Epub 2019 Jul 21"