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Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Title:		"Maize death acids, 9-lipoxygenase-derived cyclopente(a)nones, display activity as cytotoxic phytoalexins and transcriptional mediators"
Author(s):		Christensen SA; Huffaker A; Kaplan F; Sims J; Ziemann S; Doehlemann G; Ji L; Schmitz RJ; Kolomiets MV; Alborn HT; Mori N; Jander G; Ni X; Sartor RC; Byers S; Abdo Z; Schmelz EA;
Address:		"Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Gainesville, FL 32608; Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0380; Kaplan Schiller Research, Gainesville, FL 32604; Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; Cologne Biocenter/Botanical Institute, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany; Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602; Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602; Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843; Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan; Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853; Crop Genetics and Breeding Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Tifton, GA 31793; South Atlantic Area Office, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA 30605. Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0380; eschmelz@ucsd.edu"
Journal Title:		Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
Year:		2015
Volume:		20150824
Issue:		36
Page Number:		11407 - 11412
DOI:		10.1073/pnas.1511131112
ISSN/ISBN:		1091-6490 (Electronic) 0027-8424 (Print) 0027-8424 (Linking)
Abstract:		"Plant damage promotes the interaction of lipoxygenases (LOXs) with fatty acids yielding 9-hydroperoxides, 13-hydroperoxides, and complex arrays of oxylipins. The action of 13-LOX on linolenic acid enables production of 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (12-OPDA) and its downstream products, termed 'jasmonates.' As signals, jasmonates have related yet distinct roles in the regulation of plant resistance against insect and pathogen attack. A similar pathway involving 9-LOX activity on linolenic and linoleic acid leads to the 12-OPDA positional isomer, 10-oxo-11-phytodienoic acid (10-OPDA) and 10-oxo-11-phytoenoic acid (10-OPEA), respectively; however, physiological roles for 9-LOX cyclopentenones have remained unclear. In developing maize (Zea mays) leaves, southern leaf blight (Cochliobolus heterostrophus) infection results in dying necrotic tissue and the localized accumulation of 10-OPEA, 10-OPDA, and a series of related 14- and 12-carbon metabolites, collectively termed 'death acids.' 10-OPEA accumulation becomes wound inducible within fungal-infected tissues and at physiologically relevant concentrations acts as a phytoalexin by suppressing the growth of fungi and herbivores including Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium verticillioides, and Helicoverpa zea. Unlike previously established maize phytoalexins, 10-OPEA and 10-OPDA display significant phytotoxicity. Both 12-OPDA and 10-OPEA promote the transcription of defense genes encoding glutathione S transferases, cytochrome P450s, and pathogenesis-related proteins. In contrast, 10-OPEA only weakly promotes the accumulation of multiple protease inhibitor transcripts. Consistent with a role in dying tissue, 10-OPEA application promotes cysteine protease activation and cell death, which is inhibited by overexpression of the cysteine protease inhibitor maize cystatin-9. Unlike jasmonates, functions for 10-OPEA and associated death acids are consistent with specialized roles in local defense reactions"
Keywords:		"Ascomycota/physiology Cyclopentanes/chemistry/*metabolism/pharmacology Cystatins/genetics/metabolism Gene Expression Profiling Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects Host-Pathogen Interactions Immunoblotting Lipoxygenase/genetics/*metabolism Magne;"
Notes:		"MedlineChristensen, Shawn A Huffaker, Alisa Kaplan, Fatma Sims, James Ziemann, Sebastian Doehlemann, Gunther Ji, Lexiang Schmitz, Robert J Kolomiets, Michael V Alborn, Hans T Mori, Naoki Jander, Georg Ni, Xinzhi Sartor, Ryan C Byers, Sara Abdo, Zaid Schmelz, Eric A eng S10 RR031637/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ S10RR031637/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. 2015/08/26 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Sep 8; 112(36):11407-12. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1511131112. Epub 2015 Aug 24"