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J Agric Food Chem

Title:		Phytotoxicity of cardoon (Cynara cardunculus) allelochemicals on standard target species and weeds
Author(s):		Rial C; Novaes P; Varela RM; Molinillo JM; Macias FA;
Address:		"Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, INBIO Institute of Biomolecules, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), University of Cadiz , Avda. Republica Saharaui, s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz Spain"
Journal Title:		J Agric Food Chem
Year:		2014
Volume:		20140708
Issue:		28
Page Number:		6699 - 6706
DOI:		10.1021/jf501976h
ISSN/ISBN:		1520-5118 (Electronic) 0021-8561 (Linking)
Abstract:		"Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.) is a native plant to the Iberian Peninsula and the European Atlantic coast and invasive in American environments. Different solvents were used to perform cardoon extracts that were tested in phytotoxic bioassays. The ethyl acetate extract had the highest inhibitory activity so this was tested on the germination and growth of standard target species (lettuce, watercress, tomato, and onion) and weeds (barnyardgrass and brachiaria). The ethyl acetate extract was very active on root growth in both standard target species and weeds and it was therefore fractionated by chromatography. The spectroscopic data showed that the major compounds were sesquiterpene lactones. Aguerin B, grosheimin, and cynaropicrin were very active on etiolated wheat coleoptile, standard target species, and weed growth. The presence of these compounds explains the bioactivity of the ethyl acetate extract. The strong phytotoxicity of these compounds on important weeds shows the potential of these compounds as natural herbicide models"
Keywords:		Cynara/*chemistry Herbicides/*pharmacology Lepidium/drug effects Lettuce/drug effects Solanum lycopersicum/drug effects Onions/drug effects Pheromones/*pharmacology Plant Extracts/*pharmacology Plant Roots/drug effects/growth & development Plant Weeds/dru;
Notes:		"MedlineRial, Carlos Novaes, Paula Varela, Rosa M Molinillo, Jose M G Macias, Francisco A eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 2014/07/01 J Agric Food Chem. 2014 Jul 16; 62(28):6699-706. doi: 10.1021/jf501976h. Epub 2014 Jul 8"