| Title: | Passive water sampling and air-water diffusive exchange of long-range transported semi-volatile organic pollutants in high-mountain lakes |
| Author(s): | Prats RM; van Drooge BL; Fernandez P; Grimalt JO; |
| Address: | "Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Electronic address: raimon.martinez@idaea.csic.es. Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain" |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160509 |
| ISSN/ISBN: | 1879-1026 (Electronic) 0048-9697 (Linking) |
| Abstract: | "The concentrations of legacy and currently emitted organic pollutants were determined in the freely dissolved phase of water from six high-mountain lakes in the Pyrenees (1619-2453 m) by passive water sampling. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and silicone rubber (SR) sheets were exposed for three consecutive periods lasting each one year between 2017 and 2020 for the study of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organophosphate esters (OPEs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and other organochlorine compounds (e.g., hexachlorobenzene, HCB). HCB concentrations (1.0-14 pg L(-1)) remained essentially the same as those measured with pumping systems over two decades ago in the same area. ??PAHs (35-920 pg L(-1)) were around half of those observed in the past, which agrees with reductions in European atmospheric emissions. ??PCB concentrations (1.2-2.2 pg L(-1)) were substantially lower, although unexpectedly large differences could be due to comparing yearly averages from the present study to seasonally variable (i.e., affected by snowmelt, stratification, and colloidal organic matter) episodic pumping measurements from previous studies. ??OPEs (139-2849 pg L(-1)) were measured for the first time in this area and were found at high concentrations in some sites. Concentrations of most compounds obtained with LDPE and SR samplers agreed with each other by ratios generally lower than three or four times, except for a few PAHs and OPEs. Diffusive exchange flux calculations between the atmospheric gas phase and the freely dissolved water phase revealed net deposition of pollutants from air to water, except for some OPEs and PCBs presenting equilibrium conditions, and HCB with volatilization fluxes. Atmospheric degradation fluxes of PAHs and OPEs pointed at competing removal mechanisms that support the air-to-water direction of their diffusive exchange, while PCBs and organochlorines were not affected by photodegradation. In their current state, these remote lakes accumulate many emerging and legacy pollutants subject to long-range atmospheric transport" |
| Keywords: | "*Environmental Pollutants/analysis *Polychlorinated Biphenyls/analysis Water Hexachlorobenzene/analysis Lakes Polyethylene *Air Pollutants/analysis Environmental Monitoring *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis *Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated *Polycyclic Aromat;" |
| Notes: | "MedlinePrats, Raimon M van Drooge, Barend L Fernandez, Pilar Grimalt, Joan O eng Netherlands 2022/11/28 Sci Total Environ. 2023 Feb 20; 860:160509. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160509. Epub 2022 Nov 24" |
