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Environ Int

Title:		Bottled water contaminant exposures and potential human effects
Author(s):		Bradley PM; Romanok KM; Smalling KL; Focazio MJ; Evans N; Fitzpatrick SC; Givens CE; Gordon SE; Gray JL; Green EM; Griffin DW; Hladik ML; Kanagy LK; Lisle JT; Loftin KA; Blaine McCleskey R; Medlock-Kakaley EK; Navas-Acien A; Roth DA; South P; Weis CP;
Address:		"U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia, SC, USA. Electronic address: pbradley@usgs.gov. U.S. Geological Survey, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, USA. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, NC, USA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA. U.S. Geological Survey, Lansing, MI, USA. U.S. Geological Survey, Kearneysville, WV, USA. U.S. Geological Survey, Lakewood, CO, USA. U.S. Geological Survey, Saint Petersburg, Florida, USA. U.S. Geological Survey, Sacramento, CA, USA. U.S. Geological Survey, Lawrence, KS, USA. U.S. Geological Survey, Boulder, CO, USA. Columbia University, New York, New York, USA. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA"
Journal Title:		Environ Int
Year:		2023
Volume:		20221215
Issue:
Page Number:		107701 -
DOI:		10.1016/j.envint.2022.107701
ISSN/ISBN:		1873-6750 (Electronic) 0160-4120 (Print) 0160-4120 (Linking)
Abstract:		"BACKGROUND: Bottled water (BW) consumption in the United States and globally has increased amidst heightened concern about environmental contaminant exposures and health risks in drinking water supplies, despite a paucity of directly comparable, environmentally-relevant contaminant exposure data for BW. This study provides insight into exposures and cumulative risks to human health from inorganic/organic/microbial contaminants in BW. METHODS: BW from 30 total domestic US (23) and imported (7) sources, including purified tapwater (7) and spring water (23), were analyzed for 3 field parameters, 53 inorganics, 465 organics, 14 microbial metrics, and in vitro estrogen receptor (ER) bioactivity. Health-benchmark-weighted cumulative hazard indices and ratios of organic-contaminant in vitro exposure-activity cutoffs were assessed for detected regulated and unregulated inorganic and organic contaminants. RESULTS: 48 inorganics and 45 organics were detected in sampled BW. No enforceable chemical quality standards were exceeded, but several inorganic and organic contaminants with maximum contaminant level goal(s) (MCLG) of zero (no known safe level of exposure to vulnerable sub-populations) were detected. Among these, arsenic, lead, and uranium were detected in 67 %, 17 %, and 57 % of BW, respectively, almost exclusively in spring-sourced samples not treated by advanced filtration. Organic MCLG exceedances included frequent detections of disinfection byproducts (DBP) in tapwater-sourced BW and sporadic detections of DBP and volatile organic chemicals in BW sourced from tapwater and springs. Precautionary health-based screening levels were exceeded frequently and attributed primarily to DBP in tapwater-sourced BW and co-occurring inorganic and organic contaminants in spring-sourced BW. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that simultaneous exposures to multiple drinking-water contaminants of potential human-health concern are common in BW. Improved understandings of human exposures based on more environmentally realistic and directly comparable point-of-use exposure characterizations, like this BW study, are essential to public health because drinking water is a biological necessity and, consequently, a high-vulnerability vector for human contaminant exposures"
Keywords:		"Humans United States *Drinking Water *Volatile Organic Compounds Water Supply Environmental Exposure/adverse effects *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis Bottled water Contaminant mixtures Human health Inorganics Microorganisms Organics;"
Notes:		"MedlineBradley, Paul M Romanok, Kristin M Smalling, Kelly L Focazio, Michael J Evans, Nicola Fitzpatrick, Suzanne C Givens, Carrie E Gordon, Stephanie E Gray, James L Green, Emily M Griffin, Dale W Hladik, Michelle L Kanagy, Leslie K Lisle, John T Loftin, Keith A Blaine McCleskey, R Medlock-Kakaley, Elizabeth K Navas-Acien, Ana Roth, David A South, Paul Weis, Christopher P eng EPA999999/ImEPA/Intramural EPA/ Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Netherlands 2022/12/22 Environ Int. 2023 Jan; 171:107701. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107701. Epub 2022 Dec 15"