| Title: | The Impact of Fermentation Temperature and Cap Management on Selected Volatile Compounds and Temporal Sensory Characteristics of Grenache Wines from the Central Coast of California |
| Author(s): | Stoffel ES; Robertson TM; Catania AA; Casassa LF; |
| Address: | "Food Science & Nutrition Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA. Wine & Viticulture Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA. Centro de Estudios de Enologia, Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria Mendoza, Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agro-pecuaria (INTA), San Martin 3853, Mendoza 5507, Argentina" |
| DOI: | 10.3390/molecules28104230 |
| ISSN/ISBN: | 1420-3049 (Electronic) 1420-3049 (Linking) |
| Abstract: | "Grenache wines from the Central Coast of California were subjected to different alcoholic fermentation temperature regimes (Cold, Cold/Hot, Hot) and cap management protocols, namely, punch down (PD), or no punch down (No PD), to determine the effect of these practices on the color, aroma, and the retronasal and mouthfeel sensory characteristics of the resulting wines. Descriptive analysis (n = 8, line scale rating 0-15) results indicated that the combination of a hot fermentation temperature and no punch downs led to a significantly higher intensity in perceived color saturation (7.89) and purple hue (8.62). A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that cap management was significantly more impactful on the perception of orthonasal aromas than fermentation temperature. The reduction aroma was significantly higher in No PD wines (5.02) compared to PD wines (3.50), while rose and hot aromas had significantly higher intensity perception for PD wines (5.18, 6.80) than for No PD wines (6.80, 6.14). Conversely, analysis of selected volatile compounds indicated that fermentation temperature was more impactful than cap management regime. Cold/Hot wines had higher concentrations of important esters such as ethyl hexanoate (650 microg/L) and isoamyl acetate (992 microg/L). Cold wines had a higher concentration of beta-damascenone (0.719 microg/L). TCATA evaluation (n = 8) indicated that Cold/Hot PD wines had a significantly higher citation proportion of fruit flavor (1.0) and velvet astringency perception (0.80) without significant reduction flavors. Finally, the present study represents a contribution with the main volatile compounds (e.g., beta-damascenone and esters in the Cold and Cold/Hot fermented wines, respectively; hexanol in PD wines, which may be potentially responsible for a hot mouthfeel), and sensory characteristics (red fruit, tropical fruit, white pepper, and rose) of Grenache wines grown in the Mediterranean climate of the Central Coast of California" |
| Keywords: | *Wine/analysis Fermentation *Vitis Temperature Odorants/analysis *Volatile Organic Compounds/analysis astringency cap management descriptive analysis fermentation temperature punch downs red wine retronasal aroma temporal check-all-that-apply volatile che; |
| Notes: | "MedlineStoffel, Emily S Robertson, Taylor M Catania, Anibal A Casassa, L Federico eng Switzerland 2023/05/27 Molecules. 2023 May 22; 28(10):4230. doi: 10.3390/molecules28104230" |
