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Nicotine Tob Res

Title:		Cigarette Smokers Versus Cousers of Cannabis and Cigarettes: Exposure to Toxicants
Author(s):		Meier E; Vandrey R; Rubin N; Pacek LR; Jensen JA; Donny EC; Hecht SS; Carmella SG; Murphy SE; Luo X; Stepanov I; Ikuemonisan J; Severson H; Al'absi M; Hatsukami DK;
Address:		"Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, Stevens Point, WI. Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN. Department of Psychiatry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC. University of Minnesota, Tobacco Research Programs, Minneapolis, MN. Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC. Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414. Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR, Duluth, MN. Department of Family Medicine and BioBehavioral Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN"
Journal Title:		Nicotine Tob Res
Year:		2020
Volume:		22
Issue:		8
Page Number:		1383 - 1389
DOI:		10.1093/ntr/ntz199
ISSN/ISBN:		1469-994X (Electronic) 1462-2203 (Print) 1462-2203 (Linking)
Abstract:		"INTRODUCTION: Cannabis and tobacco couse is common and could expose users to higher levels of toxicants. No studies have examined biomarkers of toxicant exposure in cousers of cannabis and cigarettes, compared with cigarette smokers (CS). AIMS AND METHODS: Adult daily CS were recruited from 10 US sites for a study of reduced nicotine cigarettes. In this analysis of baseline data, participants were categorized as either cousers of cannabis and tobacco (cousers; N = 167; urine positive for 11-nor-9-carboxy-Delta 9-tetrahydrocannnabinol and self-reported cannabis use >/=1x/week), or CS (N = 911; negative urine and no self-reported cannabis use). Participants who did not meet either definition (N = 172) were excluded. Self-reported tobacco and cannabis use and tobacco and/or combustion-related biomarkers of exposure were compared between groups. RESULTS: Compared to CS, cousers were younger (couser Mage = 38.96, SD = 13.01; CS Mage = 47.22, SD = 12.72; p < .001) and more likely to be male (cousers = 67.7%, CS = 51.9%, p < .001). There were no group differences in self-reported cigarettes/day, total nicotine equivalents, or breath carbon monoxide, but cousers had greater use of non-cigarette tobacco products. Compared to CS, cousers had higher concentrations of 3-hydroxypropylmercapturic acid, 2-cyanoethylmercapturic acid, S-phenylmercapturic acid, 3-hydroxy-1-methylpropylmercapturic acid (ps < .05), and phenanthrene tetraol (p < .001). No biomarkers were affected by number of cannabis use days/week or days since last cannabis use during baseline (ps > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Cousers had higher concentrations of biomarkers of exposure than CS, but similar number of cigarettes per day and nicotine exposure. Additional studies are needed to determine whether cannabis and/or alternative tobacco products are driving the increased toxicant exposure. IMPLICATIONS: Cousers of cannabis and tobacco appear to be exposed to greater levels of harmful chemicals (ie, volatile organic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), but similar levels of nicotine as CS. It is unclear if the higher levels of toxicant exposure in cousers are due to cannabis use or the increased use of alternative tobacco products compared with CS. It is important for studies examining biomarkers of exposure among CS to account for cannabis use as it may have a significant impact on outcomes. Additionally, further research is needed examining exposure to harmful chemicals among cannabis users"
Keywords:		Adult Biomarkers/*analysis Carbon Monoxide/analysis Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems/*statistics & numerical data Female Humans Male Marijuana Smoking/*epidemiology Minnesota/epidemiology Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/*analysis Smokers/*psychology;
Notes:		"MedlineMeier, Ellen Vandrey, Ryan Rubin, Nathan Pacek, Lauren R Jensen, Joni A Donny, Eric C Hecht, Stephen S Carmella, Steven G Murphy, Sharon E Luo, Xianghua Stepanov, Irina Ikuemonisan, Joshua Severson, Herb Al'absi, Mustafa Hatsukami, Dorothy K eng P30 CA077598/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ K01 DA043413/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ T32 DA007097/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ U54 DA031659/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ R01 DA016351/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ R01 DA027232/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ UL1 TR002494/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural England 2019/10/17 Nicotine Tob Res. 2020 Jul 16; 22(8):1383-1389. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntz199"