| Title: | Exposure risk assessment to organic compounds based on their concentrations in return water from shale gas developments |
| Author(s): | Ma L; Hurtado A; Eguilior S; Llamas Borrajo JF; |
| Address: | "College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710065, PR China. Electronic address: Malanting2020@xsyu.edu.cn. Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas, Medioambientales y Tecnologicas - Avda. Complutense 40, Edif. 20, 28040 Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: antonio.hurtado@ciemat.es. Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas, Medioambientales y Tecnologicas - Avda. Complutense 40, Edif. 20, 28040 Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: sonsoles.eguilior@ciemat.es. Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieros de Minas y Energia de Madrid - Calle de Rios Rosas 21, 28003 Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: juan.llamas@upm.es" |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153586 |
| ISSN/ISBN: | 1879-1026 (Electronic) 0048-9697 (Linking) |
| Abstract: | "Because of shale gas operations, significant amounts of return water from hydraulic fracturing are stored in tanks and/or ponds on the surface. These waters contain varying concentrations of toxic organic compounds; hence, there is reasonable concern about the occurrence of hypothetical leakages, which would cause adverse environmental effects and pose a risk to human health. In this study, the chronic and acute carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks from exposure to these pollutants by inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact have been assessed for an affected area. The first part of this study focused on estimating the concentrations of organic compounds in the water-soil-atmosphere system. These models are of a general nature and can be applied to any site. In this study, they are applied to the Marcellus shale formation. The analyses developed in this work show that the risks - both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic - regarding the inhalation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) increase rapidly and exceed the acceptable thresholds by several orders of magnitude in all scenarios, irrespective of the different recharge rates considered. Given that the hypothetical leakage under consideration occurs at a depth of 50 cm, in the buried part of a semi-buried tank-type reservoir, the direct contamination via wastewater of the most superficial parts of the soil is less likely, and soil particles are generally widely dispersed in air before inhaling. Moreover, the sensitivity analysis indicated that the variable contributing the most to the determined risk levels was the pollutant concentration, followed by the exposure time. Therefore, using appropriate technology to reduce pollutant concentrations in storage ponds is the best strategy to minimise the associated risk to human health" |
| Keywords: | Humans *Hydraulic Fracking Natural Gas/analysis Risk Assessment *Volatile Organic Compounds/analysis Wastewater/analysis Water/analysis Organic compounds Return water Shale gas; |
| Notes: | "MedlineMa, Lanting Hurtado, Antonio Eguilior, Sonsoles Llamas Borrajo, Juan F eng Netherlands 2022/02/06 Sci Total Environ. 2022 May 20; 822:153586. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153586. Epub 2022 Feb 2" |
