| Title: | "Comparison of Urinary Biomarkers of Exposure in Humans Using Electronic Cigarettes, Combustible Cigarettes, and Smokeless Tobacco" |
| Author(s): | Lorkiewicz P; Riggs DW; Keith RJ; Conklin DJ; Xie Z; Sutaria S; Lynch B; Srivastava S; Bhatnagar A; |
| Address: | "American Heart Association - Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, and Institute of Molecular Cardiology and Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY" |
| ISSN/ISBN: | 1469-994X (Electronic) 1462-2203 (Print) 1462-2203 (Linking) |
| Abstract: | "BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking is associated with an increase in cardiovascular disease risk, attributable in part to reactive volatile organic chemicals (VOCs). However, little is known about the extent of VOC exposure due to the use of other tobacco products. METHODS: We recruited 48 healthy, tobacco users in four groups: cigarette, smokeless tobacco, occasional users of first generation e-cigarette and e-cigarette menthol and 12 healthy nontobacco users. After abstaining for 48 h, tobacco users used an assigned product. Urine was collected at baseline followed by five collections over a 3-h period to measure urinary metabolites of VOCs, nicotine, and tobacco alkaloids. RESULTS: Urinary levels of nicotine were approximately 2-fold lower in occasional e-cigarette and smokeless tobacco users than in the cigarette smokers; cotinine and 3-hydroxycotinine levels were similar in all groups. Compared with nontobacco users, e-cigarette users had higher levels of urinary metabolites of xylene, cyanide, styrene, ethylbenzene, and benzene at baseline and elevated urinary levels of metabolites of xylene, N,N-dimethylformamide, and acrylonitrile after e-cigarette use. Metabolites of acrolein, crotonaldehyde, and 1,3-butadiene were significantly higher in smokers than in users of other products or nontobacco users. VOC metabolite levels in smokeless tobacco group were comparable to those found in nonusers with the exception of xylene metabolite-2-methylhippuric acid (2MHA), which was almost three fold higher than in nontobacco users. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking results in exposure to a range of VOCs at concentrations higher than those observed with other products, and first generation e-cigarette use is associated with elevated levels of N,N-dimethylformamide and xylene metabolites. IMPLICATIONS: This study shows that occasional users of first generation e-cigarettes have lower levels of nicotine exposure than the users of combustible cigarettes. Compared with combustible cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and smokeless tobacco products deliver lower levels of most VOCs, with the exception of xylene, N,N-dimethylformamide, and acrylonitrile, whose metabolite levels were higher in the urine of e-cigarette users than nontobacco users. Absence of anatabine in the urine of e-cigarette users suggests that measuring urinary levels of this alkaloid may be useful in distinguishing between users of e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes. However, these results have to be validated in a larger cohortcomprised of users of e-cigarettes of multiple brands" |
| Keywords: | "Adult Biomarkers/urine Cigarette Smoking/epidemiology/*urine *Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems Female Humans Male Middle Aged Nicotine/*urine Tobacco Products/*analysis Tobacco Use/epidemiology/*urine Tobacco, Smokeless/analysis Vaping/epidemiology/*u;" |
| Notes: | "MedlineLorkiewicz, Pawel Riggs, Daniel W Keith, Rachel J Conklin, Daniel J Xie, Zhengzhi Sutaria, Saurin Lynch, Blake Srivastava, Sanjay Bhatnagar, Aruni eng P50 HL120163/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ P42 ES023716/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ U54 HL120163/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ P30 GM127607/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ R01 HL122676/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ Comparative Study Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural England 2018/06/06 Nicotine Tob Res. 2019 Aug 19; 21(9):1228-1238. doi: 10.1093/ntr/nty089" |
