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Environ Res

Title:		Estimation of multi-route exposures to various chemicals during Children's clay toy use
Author(s):		Kang S; Lee K; Lim M;
Address:		"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University. Seoul, South Korea. Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University. Seoul, South Korea. Electronic address: me02me0@snu.ac.kr"
Journal Title:		Environ Res
Year:		2022
Volume:		20220518
Issue:		Pt D
Page Number:		113500 -
DOI:		10.1016/j.envres.2022.113500
ISSN/ISBN:		1096-0953 (Electronic) 0013-9351 (Linking)
Abstract:		"Clay toys have been used as play materials and educational tools for children. Clay toys exhibit adherent properties, and may facilitate chemical ingestion via dermal absorption and oral (hand-to-mouth, HTM) exposures. Inhalation exposure also be considered when contain volatile chemicals. The purpose of this study was to estimate the exposure dose for chemicals in clay toys via three exposure routes, and to evaluate the relationship between the exposure contribution of each route considering both the chemical properties and children's age. Chemical analysis was conducted for 9 semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), 17 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and 7 metal elements in clay toys (n = 66) purchased from Korean market. Exposure factors for usage pattern of clay toys were conducted based on a nationally representative survey in Korea. A total of 12,144 (60.7%) children responded positively to playing with clay toys. Exposure to SVOCs and VOCs in clay toys via HTM, inhalation, and dermal absorption were estimated. The exposure level was the highest in styrene with 5.2 x 10(-3) mg/kg-bw/day (95th percentile population), which was approximately 13% of the acceptable daily dose for styrene. In 3-year-old children, dermal absorption route contributed the highest at 59.2-100%. Chemicals with higher octanol-water partition coefficient (K(ow)) had the greater the contribution of the dermal absorption route and the weaker the contribution of the HTM route. In infants (0-2 years), the contribution via HTM exposure was higher than that in the other age groups. The contribution of inhalation exposure differed depending on the volatility of the chemicals. Furthermore, the exposure route contribution significantly differed due to age-dependent behavioral changes in children. These results suggest that the exposure assessments for children could be considered with multiple exposure routes related to chemical properties"
Keywords:		"Child, Preschool Clay Environmental Exposure/analysis Humans Infant Inhalation Exposure/analysis Play and Playthings Styrenes/analysis *Volatile Organic Compounds/analysis Clay toy Dermal route exposure Hand-to-mouth behavior Inhalation route exposure Ora;"
Notes:		"MedlineKang, Sohyun Lee, Kiyoung Lim, Miyoung eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Netherlands 2022/05/21 Environ Res. 2022 Sep; 212(Pt D):113500. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113500. Epub 2022 May 18"