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Sci Total Environ

Title:		"Characteristics of volatile organic compounds in the metropolitan city of Seoul, South Korea: Diurnal variation, source identification, secondary formation of organic aerosol, and health risk"
Author(s):		Kim SJ; Lee SJ; Lee HY; Son JM; Lim HB; Kim HW; Shin HJ; Lee JY; Choi SD;
Address:		"Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea. Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea. Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea. Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: sdchoi@unist.ac.kr"
Journal Title:		Sci Total Environ
Year:		2022
Volume:		20220530
Issue:		Pt 3
Page Number:		156344 -
DOI:		10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156344
ISSN/ISBN:		1879-1026 (Electronic) 0048-9697 (Linking)
Abstract:		"Atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Seoul, the capital of South Korea, have attracted increased attention owing to their emission, secondary formation, and human health risk. In this study, we collected 24 hourly samples once a month at an urban site in Seoul for a year (a total of 288 samples) using a sequential tube sampler. Analysis results revealed that toluene (9.08 +/- 8.99 mug/m(3)) exhibited the highest annual mean concentration, followed by ethyl acetate (5.55 +/- 9.09 mug/m(3)), m,p-xylenes (2.79 +/- 4.57 mug/m(3)), benzene (2.37 +/- 1.55 mug/m(3)), ethylbenzene (1.81 +/- 2.27 mug/m(3)), and o-xylene (0.91 +/- 1.47 mug/m(3)), indicating that these compounds accounted for 77.8-85.6% of the seasonal mean concentrations of the total (Sigma(59)) VOCs. The concentrations of the Sigma(59) VOCs were statistically higher in spring and winter than in summer and fall because of meteorological conditions, and the concentrations of individual VOCs were higher during the daytime than nighttime owing to higher human activities during the daytime. The conditional bivariate probability function and concentration weighted trajectory analysis results suggested that domestic effects (e.g., vehicular exhaust and solvents) exhibited a dominant effect on the presence of VOCs in Seoul, as well as long-range atmospheric transport of VOCs. Further, the most important secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP) compounds included benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and m,p,o-xylenes, and the total SOAFP of nine VOCs accounted for 5-29% of the seasonal mean PM(2.5) concentrations. The cancer and non-cancer risks of the selected VOCs were below the tolerable (1 x 10(-4)) and acceptable (Hazard quotient: HQ < 1) levels, respectively. Overall, this study highlighted the feasibility of the sequential sampling of VOCs and hybrid receptor modeling to further understand the source-receptor relationship of VOCs"
Keywords:		Aerosols/analysis *Air Pollutants/analysis Benzene/analysis China Environmental Monitoring Humans Seoul Toluene/analysis *Volatile Organic Compounds/analysis Xylenes/analysis Diurnal variation Risk assessment Soa Sequential sampling VOCs;
Notes:		"MedlineKim, Seong-Joon Lee, Sang-Jin Lee, Ho-Young Son, Ji-Min Lim, Hyung-Bae Kim, Hyeon-Woong Shin, Hye-Jung Lee, Ji Yi Choi, Sung-Deuk eng Netherlands 2022/06/03 Sci Total Environ. 2022 Sep 10; 838(Pt 3):156344. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156344. Epub 2022 May 30"