| Title: | "VOC sources and exposures in nail salons: a pilot study in Michigan, USA" |
| Author(s): | Zhong L; Batterman S; Milando CW; |
| Address: | "Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada. School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1420 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. stuartb@umich.edu. School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA" |
| Journal Title: | Int Arch Occup Environ Health |
| DOI: | 10.1007/s00420-018-1353-0 |
| ISSN/ISBN: | 1432-1246 (Electronic) 0340-0131 (Print) 0340-0131 (Linking) |
| Abstract: | "PURPOSE: Exposures of nail salon technicians have received attention due to the potentially toxic materials used in nail products, which include volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as formaldehyde and methyl methacrylate (MMA). This study characterized area and personal concentrations and other indoor air parameters in 17 nail salons in fall and winter seasons in three areas of Michigan. METHODS: VOC samples were analyzed using thermal desorption, gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy, and the VOC composition of 35 nail products (e.g., polish, top coat, base coat) was measured using headspace sampling. Ventilation rates were derived using CO(2) concentrations, occupancy and building information, and VOC sources were apportioned by a novel application of chemical mass balance models. RESULTS: We detected ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, butyl acetate, MMA, n-heptane and toluene in most salons, and benzene, D-limonene, formaldehyde, and ethyl methacrylate in some salons. While MMA was not measured in the consumer and professional products, and the use of pure MMA in salons has been not been permitted since the 1970s, MMA was found in air at concentrations from 100 to 36,000 microg/m(3) in 15 of 17 salons; thus its use appears to be commonplace in the industry. Personal measurements, representing exposures to workers and clients, were about twice those of the area measurements for many VOCs. CONCLUSION: This study identifies the products responsible for emissions, shows the widespread presence of MMA, and documents low ventilation rates in some salons. It also demonstrates that 'informal' short-term sampling approaches can evaluate chemical exposures in nail salons, providing measurements that can be used to protect a potentially susceptible and vulnerable population. Additional controls, including restrictions on the VOC compositions and improved ventilation, can reduce exposures to salon workers and clients" |
| Keywords: | "Air Pollutants, Occupational/*analysis Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis Carbon Dioxide/analysis Cosmetics/*chemistry Formaldehyde/analysis Humans Methylmethacrylates/analysis Michigan Occupational Exposure/analysis Pilot Projects Seasons *Ventilation Volati;" |
| Notes: | "MedlineZhong, Lexuan Batterman, Stuart Milando, Chad W eng P30 ES017885/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ T42 OH008455/OH/NIOSH CDC HHS/ T42OH008455/National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health/ Germany 2018/10/03 Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2019 Jan; 92(1):141-153. doi: 10.1007/s00420-018-1353-0. Epub 2018 Oct 1" |
