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ACS Earth Space Chem

Title:		"Wintertime Air Quality across the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: Concentration, Composition, and Sources of Fine and Coarse Particulate Matter"
Author(s):		Islam MR; Li T; Mahata K; Khanal N; Werden B; Giordano MR; Praveen Puppala S; Dhital NB; Gurung A; Saikawa E; Panday AK; Yokelson RJ; DeCarlo PF; Stone EA;
Address:		"Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States. Alpine Consultancy, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal. Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States. Univ Paris Est Creteil and Universite de Paris, CNRS, LISA, Creteil 94000, France. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Khumaltar, Lalitpur 44700, Nepal. Patan Multiple Campus, Department of Environmental Science, Tribhuvan University, Lalitpur 44700, Nepal. Clean Cooking Alliance, Washington, District of Columbia 20006, United States. Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States. Institute for Integrated Development Studies (IIDS), Kathmandu 44600, Nepal. Department of Chemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States. Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States. Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States"
Journal Title:		ACS Earth Space Chem
Year:		2022
Volume:		20221206
Issue:		12
Page Number:		2955 - 2971
DOI:		10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00243
ISSN/ISBN:		2472-3452 (Print) 2472-3452 (Electronic)
Abstract:		"The Kathmandu Valley in Nepal experiences poor air quality, especially in the dry winter season. In this study, we investigated the concentration, chemical composition, and sources of fine and coarse particulate matter (PM(2.5), PM(10), and PM(10-2.5)) at three sites within or near the Kathmandu Valley during the winter of 2018 as part of the second Nepal Ambient Monitoring and Source Testing Experiment (NAMaSTE 2). Daily PM(2.5) concentrations were very high throughout the study period, ranging 72-149 mug m(-3) at the urban Ratnapark site in Kathmandu, 88-161 mug m(-3) at the suburban Lalitpur site, and 40-74 mug m(-3) at rural Dhulikhel on the eastern rim of the Kathmandu Valley. Meanwhile, PM(10) ranged 194-309, 174-377, and 64-131 mug m(-3), respectively. At the Ratnapark site, crustal materials from resuspended soil contributed an average of 11% of PM(2.5) and 34% of PM(10). PM(2.5) was largely comprised of organic carbon (OC, 28-30% by mass) and elemental carbon (EC, 10-14% by mass). As determined by chemical mass balance source apportionment modeling, major PM(2.5) OC sources were garbage burning (15-21%), biomass burning (10-17%), and fossil fuel (14-26%). Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) contributions from aromatic volatile organic compounds (13-23% OC) were larger than those from isoprene (0.3-0.5%), monoterpenes (0.9-1.4%), and sesquiterpenes (3.6-4.4%). Nitro-monoaromatic compounds-of interest due to their light-absorbing properties and toxicity-indicate the presence of biomass burning-derived SOA. Knowledge of primary and secondary PM sources can facilitate air quality management in this region"
Keywords:
Notes:		"PubMed-not-MEDLINEIslam, Md Robiul Li, Tianyi Mahata, Khadak Khanal, Nita Werden, Benjamin Giordano, Michael R Praveen Puppala, Siva Dhital, Narayan Babu Gurung, Anobha Saikawa, Eri Panday, Arnico K Yokelson, Robert J DeCarlo, Peter F Stone, Elizabeth A eng 2022/12/24 ACS Earth Space Chem. 2022 Dec 15; 6(12):2955-2971. doi: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00243. Epub 2022 Dec 6"