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J Environ Monit

Title:		Air contaminants in a submarine equipped with air independent propulsion
Author(s):		Persson O; Ostberg C; Pagels J; Sebastian A;
Address:		"Division of Heat Transfer, Department of Heat and Power Engineering, Lund Institute of Technology, Box 118, 221 00, Lund, Sweden"
Journal Title:		J Environ Monit
Year:		2006
Volume:		20060926
Issue:		11
Page Number:		1111 - 1121
DOI:		10.1039/b605331a
ISSN/ISBN:		1464-0325 (Print) 1464-0325 (Linking)
Abstract:		"The Swedish Navy has operated submarines equipped with air independent propulsion for two decades. This type of submarine can stay submerged for periods far longer than other non-nuclear submarines are capable of. The air quality during longer periods of submersion has so far not been thoroughly investigated. This study presents results for a number of air quality parameters obtained during more than one week of continuous submerged operation. The measured parameters are pressure, temperature, relative humidity, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, formaldehyde and other volatile organic compounds, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter and microbiological contaminants. The measurements of airborne particles demonstrate that air pollutants typically occur at a low baseline level due to high air exchange rates and efficient air-cleaning devices. However, short-lived peaks with comparatively high concentrations occur, several of the sources for these have been identified. The concentrations of the pollutants measured in this study do not indicate a build-up of hazardous compounds during eight days of submersion. It is reasonable to assume that a substantial build-up of the investigated contaminants is not likely if the submersion period is prolonged several times, which is the case for modern submarines equipped with air independent propulsion"
Keywords:		"Air Pollutants, Occupational/*analysis/*standards Carbon Dioxide/analysis/standards *Ecological Systems, Closed Environmental Monitoring/*standards Gram-Negative Bacteria/isolation & purification Humans Hydrogen/analysis/standards *Life Support Systems Or;"
Notes:		"MedlinePersson, Ola Ostberg, Christina Pagels, Joakim Sebastian, Aleksandra eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't England 2006/11/01 J Environ Monit. 2006 Nov; 8(11):1111-21. doi: 10.1039/b605331a. Epub 2006 Sep 26"