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PLoS Biol

Title:		Intact but empty forests? Patterns of hunting-induced mammal defaunation in the tropics
Author(s):		Benitez-Lopez A; Santini L; Schipper AM; Busana M; Huijbregts MAJ;
Address:		"Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. PBL, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague, the Netherlands"
Journal Title:		PLoS Biol
Year:		2019
Volume:		20190514
Issue:		5
Page Number:		e3000247 -
DOI:		10.1371/journal.pbio.3000247
ISSN/ISBN:		1545-7885 (Electronic) 1544-9173 (Print) 1544-9173 (Linking)
Abstract:		"Tropical forests are increasingly degraded by industrial logging, urbanization, agriculture, and infrastructure, with only 20% of the remaining area considered intact. However, this figure does not include other, more cryptic but pervasive forms of degradation, such as overhunting. Here, we quantified and mapped the spatial patterns of mammal defaunation in the tropics using a database of 3,281 mammal abundance declines from local hunting studies. We simultaneously accounted for population abundance declines and the probability of local extirpation of a population as a function of several predictors related to human accessibility to remote areas and species' vulnerability to hunting. We estimated an average abundance decline of 13% across all tropical mammal species, with medium-sized species being reduced by >27% and large mammals by >40%. Mammal populations are predicted to be partially defaunated (i.e., declines of 10%-100%) in ca. 50% of the pantropical forest area (14 million km2), with large declines (>70%) in West Africa. According to our projections, 52% of the intact forests (IFs) and 62% of the wilderness areas (WAs) are partially devoid of large mammals, and hunting may affect mammal populations in 20% of protected areas (PAs) in the tropics, particularly in West and Central Africa and Southeast Asia. The pervasive effects of overhunting on tropical mammal populations may have profound ramifications for ecosystem functioning and the livelihoods of wild-meat-dependent communities, and underscore that forest coverage alone is not necessarily indicative of ecosystem intactness. We call for a systematic consideration of hunting effects in (large-scale) biodiversity assessments for more representative estimates of human-induced biodiversity loss"
Keywords:		Animals *Forests Geography Herbivory/physiology Mammals/*physiology Species Specificity *Tropical Climate;
Notes:		"MedlineBenitez-Lopez, Ana Santini, Luca Schipper, Aafke M Busana, Michela Huijbregts, Mark A J eng 2019/05/16 PLoS Biol. 2019 May 14; 17(5):e3000247. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000247. eCollection 2019 May"