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J Dairy Sci

Title:		"Extrusion of lupines with or without addition of reducing sugars: Effects on the formation of Maillard reaction compounds, partition of nitrogen and Nepsilon-carboxymethyl-lysine, and performance of dairy cows"
Author(s):		Manzocchi E; Ferlay A; Mendowski S; Chesneau G; Chapoutot P; Lemosquet S; Cantalapiedra-Hijar G; Noziere P;
Address:		"Universite Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, 63122 Saint-Genes-Champanelle, France; Valorex, La Messayais, 35210 Combourtille, France. Universite Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, 63122 Saint-Genes-Champanelle, France. Valorex, La Messayais, 35210 Combourtille, France. Universite Paris Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR Modelisation Systemique Appliquee aux Ruminants, 75005 Paris, France. UMR Physiologie, Environnement et Genetique pour l'Animal et les Systemes d'Elevage, INRAE, Institut Agro, 35590 Saint Gilles, France. Universite Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, 63122 Saint-Genes-Champanelle, France. Electronic address: pierre.noziere@inrae.fr"
Journal Title:		J Dairy Sci
Year:		2023
Volume:		20230823
Issue:
Page Number:		-
DOI:		10.3168/jds.2022-22902
ISSN/ISBN:		1525-3198 (Electronic) 0022-0302 (Linking)
Abstract:		"The extrusion of leguminous seeds induces the formation of Maillard reaction compounds (MRC) as a product of protein advanced glycation and oxidation, which lowers protein degradability in the rumen. However, the quantitative relationship between the parameters of pretreatment (i.e., addition of reducing sugars) and extrusion, and the formation of MRC has not been established yet. Moreover, the fate of the main stable MRC, Nepsilon-carboxymethyl-lysine (CML), in the excretory routes has never been investigated in ruminants. We aimed to test the effects of the temperature of extrusion of white lupines with or without addition of reducing sugars on the formation of MRC, crude protein (CP) degradability in the rumen, N use efficiency for milk production (milk N/N intake), and performance of dairy cows. Two experiments with a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design were conducted simultaneously with 16 (3 rumen-cannulated) multiparous Holstein cows to measure indicators of ruminal CP degradability (ruminal NH(3) concentration, branched-chain volatile fatty acids), metabolizable protein supply (plasma essential AA concentration), N use efficiency (N isotopic discrimination), and dairy performance. In parallel, apparent total-tract digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fibers, N, total Lys and CML, and partition of N and CML were measured with 4 cows in both experiments. The diets consisted on a DM basis of 20% raw or extruded lupines and 80% basal mixed ration of corn silage, silage and hay from permanent grasslands, pelleted concentrate, and a vitaminized mineral mix. Expected output temperatures of lupine extrusion were 115 degrees C, 135 degrees C, and 150 degrees C, without and with the addition of reducing sugars before extrusion. The extrusion numerically reduced the in vitro ruminal CP degradability of the lupines, and consequently increased the predicted supply of CP to the small intestine. Nitrogen balance and urinary N excretion did not differ among dietary treatments in either experiment. Milk yield and N use efficiency for milk production increased with extrusion of lupines at 150 degrees C without addition of reducing sugars compared with raw lupines. Nitrogen isotopic discrimination between dietary and animal proteins (the difference between delta(15)N in plasma and delta(15)N in the diet) were lower with lupines extruded at 150 degrees C without and with addition of reducing sugars. Regardless of sugar addition, milk true protein yield was not affected, but milk urea concentration and fat:protein ratio were lower with lupines extruded at 150 degrees C than with raw lupines. In the CML partition study, we observed that on average 26% of the apparently digested CML was excreted in urine, and a much lower proportion (0.63% on average) of the apparently digested CML was secreted in milk, with no differences among dietary treatments. In conclusion, we showed that the extrusion of white lupines without or with addition of reducing sugars numerically reduced enzymatic CP degradability, with limited effects on N partition, but increased milk yield and N use efficiency at the highest temperature of extrusion without addition of reducing sugars"
Keywords:		advanced glycation end-product dairy cattle extrusion white lupine;
Notes:		"PublisherManzocchi, E Ferlay, A Mendowski, S Chesneau, G Chapoutot, P Lemosquet, S Cantalapiedra-Hijar, G Noziere, P eng 2023/08/29 J Dairy Sci. 2023 Aug 23:S0022-0302(23)00457-5. doi: 10.3168/jds.2022-22902"