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Chem Rev

Title:		Chemical Sniffing Instrumentation for Security Applications
Author(s):		Giannoukos S; Brkic B; Taylor S; Marshall A; Verbeck GF;
Address:		"Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, L69 3GJ, U.K. Q-Technologies Ltd., 100 Childwall Road, Liverpool, L15 6UX, U.K. Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas , Denton, Texas 76201, United States"
Journal Title:		Chem Rev
Year:		2016
Volume:		20160707
Issue:		14
Page Number:		8146 - 8172
DOI:		10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00065
ISSN/ISBN:		1520-6890 (Electronic) 0009-2665 (Linking)
Abstract:		"Border control for homeland security faces major challenges worldwide due to chemical threats from national and/or international terrorism as well as organized crime. A wide range of technologies and systems with threat detection and monitoring capabilities has emerged to identify the chemical footprint associated with these illegal activities. This review paper investigates artificial sniffing technologies used as chemical sensors for point-of-use chemical analysis, especially during border security applications. This article presents an overview of (a) the existing available technologies reported in the scientific literature for threat screening, (b) commercially available, portable (hand-held and stand-off) chemical detection systems, and (c) their underlying functional and operational principles. Emphasis is given to technologies that have been developed for in-field security operations, but laboratory developed techniques are also summarized as emerging technologies. The chemical analytes of interest in this review are (a) volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with security applications (e.g., illegal, hazardous, and terrorist events), (b) chemical 'signatures' associated with human presence, and"
Keywords:		Animals Chemical Terrorism/prevention & control Chemical Warfare Agents/analysis *Electronic Nose Explosive Agents/analysis Female Hazardous Substances/analysis Humans Illicit Drugs/analysis Male Odorants/*analysis Security Measures Sex Factors *Smell Vol;
Notes:		"MedlineGiannoukos, Stamatios Brkic, Boris Taylor, Stephen Marshall, Alan Verbeck, Guido F eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review 2016/07/09 Chem Rev. 2016 Jul 27; 116(14):8146-72. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00065. Epub 2016 Jul 7"