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Drug Test Anal

Title:		Profiling flavourings in strawberry-flavoured e-liquid using headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
Author(s):		Haworth-Duff A; Parkes GMB; Reed NJ;
Address:		"Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Computer Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. Department of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK"
Journal Title:		Drug Test Anal
Year:		2023
Volume:		20230203
Issue:
Page Number:		-
DOI:		10.1002/dta.3451
ISSN/ISBN:		1942-7611 (Electronic) 1942-7603 (Linking)
Abstract:		"E-liquids typically contain nicotine and flavourings in a matrix of propylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerine (VG). Some nicotine-free e-liquids are flavouring only in the aerosol carrier with the option for users to add their own nicotine. It is only the nicotine that is monitored in terms of level, as specified by the manufacturers. Little is known of the toxicological effect for some of the flavourings in the context of vaping as these are only regulated for ingestion and not inhalation. A method was developed to analyse volatile organic compounds (VOCs) evolved when e-liquids are vaporised based on headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS) for e-liquids. An in-house standard was prepared with sample matrix and purchased strawberry flavouring to simulate a simple e-liquid but with known levels. This standard was then used to optimise the analysis for use with e-liquid samples but not for full quantification purposes. These were purchased from a range of retailers and with different batches but mainly focussed on strawberry flavour. The results identified three key components indicative of strawberry flavour (ethyl-3-methyl butanoate, ethyl 2-methyl butanoate and ethyl butanoate) and showed considerable variation between both manufacturers and batches. Flavouring VOCs are regulated for ingestion but are not regulated for e-liquid inhalation, so these could have toxicological implications. In addition, the inconsistency between samples suggests further issues when users add their own nicotine to the e-liquids as the viscous sample matrix makes homogeneous mixing difficult"
Keywords:		Hs-gc-ms VOCs e-liquid flavourings vaping;
Notes:		"PublisherHaworth-Duff, Adam Parkes, Gareth M B Reed, Natasha J eng England 2023/02/04 Drug Test Anal. 2023 Feb 3. doi: 10.1002/dta.3451"