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Proc Biol Sci

Title:		Evolutionary trade-offs between male secondary sexual traits revealed by a phylogeny of the hyperdiverse tribe Eumaeini (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)
Author(s):		Valencia-Montoya WA; Quental TB; Tonini JFR; Talavera G; Crall JD; Lamas G; Busby RC; Carvalho APS; Morais AB; Oliveira Mega N; Romanowski HP; Lienard MA; Salzman S; Whitaker MRL; Kawahara AY; Lohman DJ; Robbins RK; Pierce NE;
Address:		"Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Institut Botanic de Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), 08038 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru. 9275 Hollow Pine Drive, Estero, FL 34135, USA. McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. Departamento de Ecologia e Evolucao, CCNE, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil. Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS 91501970, Brazil. Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. Entomological Collection, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Biology Department, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA. PhD Program in Biology, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA. Entomology Section, Zoology Division, Philippine National Museum of Natural History, Manila 1000, Philippines. Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA"
Journal Title:		Proc Biol Sci
Year:		2021
Volume:		20210512
Issue:		1950
Page Number:		20202512 -
DOI:		10.1098/rspb.2020.2512
ISSN/ISBN:		1471-2954 (Electronic) 0962-8452 (Print) 0962-8452 (Linking)
Abstract:		"Male butterflies in the hyperdiverse tribe Eumaeini possess an unusually complex and diverse repertoire of secondary sexual characteristics involved in pheromone production and dissemination. Maintaining multiple sexually selected traits is likely to be metabolically costly, potentially resulting in trade-offs in the evolution of male signals. However, a phylogenetic framework to test hypotheses regarding the evolution and maintenance of male sexual traits in Eumaeini has been lacking. Here, we infer a comprehensive, time-calibrated phylogeny from 379 loci for 187 species representing 91% of the 87 described genera. Eumaeini is a monophyletic group that originated in the late Oligocene and underwent rapid radiation in the Neotropics. We examined specimens of 818 of the 1096 described species (75%) and found that secondary sexual traits are present in males of 91% of the surveyed species. Scent pads and scent patches on the wings and brush organs associated with the genitalia were probably present in the common ancestor of Eumaeini and are widespread throughout the tribe. Brush organs and scent pads are negatively correlated across the phylogeny, exhibiting a trade-off in which lineages with brush organs are unlikely to regain scent pads and vice versa. In contrast, scent patches seem to facilitate the evolution of scent pads, although they are readily lost once scent pads have evolved. Our results illustrate the complex interplay between natural and sexual selection in the origin and maintenance of multiple male secondary sexual characteristics and highlight the potential role of sexual selection spurring diversification in this lineage"
Keywords:		Animals Biological Evolution *Butterflies Male Phenotype Pheromones Phylogeny brush organ insect phylogenetics scent pad scent patch sexual selection;
Notes:		"MedlineValencia-Montoya, Wendy A Quental, Tiago B Tonini, Joao Filipe R Talavera, Gerard Crall, James D Lamas, Gerardo Busby, Robert C Carvalho, Ana Paula S Morais, Ana B Oliveira Mega, Nicolas Romanowski, Helena Piccoli Lienard, Marjorie A Salzman, Shayla Whitaker, Melissa R L Kawahara, Akito Y Lohman, David J Robbins, Robert K Pierce, Naomi E eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. England 2021/05/13 Proc Biol Sci. 2021 May 12; 288(1950):20202512. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2512. Epub 2021 May 12"