| Title: | Improved Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer with an Electronic Nose: A Large Pilot Study |
| Author(s): | Bassi P; Di Gianfrancesco L; Salmaso L; Ragonese M; Palermo G; Sacco E; Giancristofaro RA; Ceccato R; Racioppi M; |
| Address: | "Department of Urology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario 'Agostino Gemelli' IRCCS di Roma, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Roma, Largo Agostino Gemelli, 8, 00168 Rome, Italy. Department of Management and Engineering, Universita di Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy" |
| ISSN/ISBN: | 2077-0383 (Print) 2077-0383 (Electronic) 2077-0383 (Linking) |
| Abstract: | "BACKGROUND: Bladder cancer (BCa) emits specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the urine headspace that can be detected by an electronic nose. The diagnostic performance of an electronic nose in detecting BCa was investigated in a pilot study. METHODS: A prospective, single-center, controlled, non-randomized, phase 2 study was carried out on 198 consecutive subjects (102 with proven BCa, 96 controls). Urine samples were evaluated with an electronic nose provided with 32 volatile gas analyzer sensors. The tests were repeated at least two times per sample. Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and variability were evaluated using mainly the non-parametric combination method, permutation tests, and discriminant analysis classification. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences between BCa patients and controls were reported by 28 (87.5%) of the 32 sensors. The overall discriminatory power, sensitivity, and specificity were 78.8%, 74.1%, and 76%, respectively; 13/96 (13.5%) controls and 29/102 (28.4%) BCa patients were misclassified as false positive and false negative, respectively. Where the most efficient sensors were selected, the sensitivity and specificity increased up to 91.1% (72.5-100) and 89.1% (81-95.8), respectively. None of the tumor characteristics represented independent predictors of device responsiveness. CONCLUSIONS: The electronic nose might represent a potentially reliable, quick, accurate, and cost-effective tool for non-invasive BCa diagnosis" |
| Keywords: | bladder cancer electronic nose non-invasive diagnosis volatile organic compounds; |
| Notes: | "PubMed-not-MEDLINEBassi, PierFrancesco Di Gianfrancesco, Luca Salmaso, Luigi Ragonese, Mauro Palermo, Giuseppe Sacco, Emilio Giancristofaro, Rosa Arboretti Ceccato, Riccardo Racioppi, Marco eng Switzerland 2021/11/14 J Clin Med. 2021 Oct 27; 10(21):4984. doi: 10.3390/jcm10214984" |
