| Title: | Below-ground herbivory limits induction of extrafloral nectar by above-ground herbivores |
| Author(s): | Huang W; Siemann E; Carrillo J; Ding J; |
| Address: | "Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA and Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA and Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA dingjianqing@yahoo.com" |
| ISSN/ISBN: | 1095-8290 (Electronic) 0305-7364 (Print) 0305-7364 (Linking) |
| Abstract: | "BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Many plants produce extrafloral nectar (EFN), and increase production following above-ground herbivory, presumably to attract natural enemies of the herbivores. Below-ground herbivores, alone or in combination with those above ground, may also alter EFN production depending on the specificity of this defence response and the interactions among herbivores mediated through plant defences. To date, however, a lack of manipulative experiments investigating EFN production induced by above- and below-ground herbivory has limited our understanding of how below-ground herbivory mediates indirect plant defences to affect above-ground herbivores and their natural enemies. METHODS: In a greenhouse experiment, seedlings of tallow tree (Triadica sebifera) were subjected to herbivory by a specialist flea beetle (Bikasha collaris) that naturally co-occurs as foliage-feeding adults and root-feeding larvae. Seedlings were subjected to above-ground adults and/or below-ground larvae herbivory, and EFN production was monitored. KEY RESULTS: Above- and/or below-ground herbivory significantly increased the percentage of leaves with active nectaries, the volume of EFN and the mass of soluble solids within the nectar. Simultaneous above- and below-ground herbivory induced a higher volume of EFN and mass of soluble solids than below-ground herbivory alone, but highest EFN production was induced by above-ground herbivory when below-ground herbivores were absent. CONCLUSIONS: The induction of EFN production by below-ground damage suggests that systemic induction underlies some of the EFN response. The strong induction by above-ground herbivory in the absence of below-ground herbivory points to specific induction based on above- and below-ground signals that may be adaptive for this above-ground indirect defence" |
| Keywords: | Animals Coleoptera/*physiology Euphorbiaceae/*chemistry/physiology Herbivory Host-Parasite Interactions Larva Plant Leaves/chemistry/physiology Plant Nectar/*metabolism Plant Roots/chemistry/physiology Plant Shoots/chemistry/physiology Bikasha collaris Ex; |
| Notes: | "MedlineHuang, Wei Siemann, Evan Carrillo, Juli Ding, Jianqing eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. England 2015/02/15 Ann Bot. 2015 Apr; 115(5):841-6. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcv011. Epub 2015 Feb 13" |
