| Title: | Emission factors of gaseous pollutants from recent kerosene space heaters and fuels available in France in 2010 |
| Author(s): | Carteret M; Pauwels JF; Hanoune B; |
| Address: | "PhysicoChimie des Processus de Combustion (PC2A), UMR 8522 CNRS/Lille 1, Universite Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies, Cite Scientifique, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France" |
| DOI: | 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2011.00763.x |
| ISSN/ISBN: | 1600-0668 (Electronic) 0905-6947 (Linking) |
| Abstract: | "Laboratory measurements of the gaseous emission factors (EF) from two recent kerosene space heaters (wick and injector) with five different fuels have been conducted in an 8-m(3) environmental chamber. The two heaters tested were found to emit mainly CO(2), CO, NO, NO(2), and some volatile organic compounds (VOCs). NO(2) is continuously emitted during use, with an EF of 100-450 mug per g of consumed fuel. CO is normally emitted mainly during the first minutes of use (up to 3 mg/g). Formaldehyde and benzene EFs were quantified at 15 and 16 mug/g, respectively, for the wick heater. Some other VOCs, such as 1,3-butadiene, were detected with lower EFs. We demonstrated the unsuitability of a 'biofuel' containing fatty acid methyl esters for use with the wick heater, and that the accumulation of soot on the same heater, whatever the fuel, leads to a dramatic increase in the CO EF, up to 16 mg/g, which could be responsible for chronic and acute CO intoxications. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Our results show that in spite of new technologies and emission standards for unvented kerosene space heaters, as well as for the fuels, the use of these heaters in indoor environments still leads to NO(x) levels in excess of current health recommendations. Whereas injection heaters generate more nitrogen oxides than wick heaters, prolonged use of the latter leads to a soot buildup, concomitant with high CO emissions, which could be responsible for acute and chronic intoxications. The use of a biofuel in a wick heater is also of concern. Maintenance of the heaters and adequate ventilation of the room during use of kerosene space heaters are therefore of prime importance to reduce personal exposure" |
| Keywords: | "Air Pollution, Indoor/adverse effects/*analysis Carbon Monoxide/adverse effects/analysis Environmental Exposure/adverse effects/*analysis France Heating/adverse effects Humans Kerosene/adverse effects/*analysis Nitric Oxide/adverse effects/analysis Risk A;" |
| Notes: | "MedlineCarteret, M Pauwels, J-F Hanoune, B eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't England 2011/12/20 Indoor Air. 2012 Aug; 22(4):299-308. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2011.00763.x. Epub 2012 Jan 19" |
