| Title: | Estimates of particulate matter inhalation doses during three-dimensional printing: How many particles can penetrate into our body? |
| Author(s): | Park J; Kwon OH; Yoon C; Park M; |
| Address: | "Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Europe Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Saarbrucken, Germany. Accident Response Division, National Institute of Chemical Safety, The Ministry of Environment, Daejeon, Republic of Korea. Samsung Electronics Vietnam Co., Ltd., BacNinh, Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea" |
| ISSN/ISBN: | 1600-0668 (Electronic) 0905-6947 (Linking) |
| Abstract: | "Harmful emissions including particulates, volatile organic compounds, and aldehydes are generated during three-dimensional (3D) printing. Ultrafine particles are particularly important due to their ability to penetrate deep into the lung. We modeled inhalation exposure by particle size during 3D printing. A total of six thermoplastic filaments were used for printing under manufacturer's recommended conditions, and particle emissions in the size range between 10 nm and 10 mum were measured. The inhalation exposure dose including inhaled and deposited doses was estimated using a mathematical model. For all materials, the number of particles between 10 nm and 1 mum accounted for a large proportion among the released particles, with nano-sized particles being the dominant size. More than 1.3 x 10(9) nano-sized particles/kgbw/g (95.3 +/- 104.0 ng/kgbw/g) could be inhaled, and a considerable amount was deposited in respiratory regions. The total deposited dose in terms of particle number was 3.1 x 10(8) particles/kgbw/g (63.6% of the total inhaled dose), and most (41.3%) were deposited in the alveolar region. The total mass of particles deposited was 19.8 +/- 16.6 ng/kgbw/g, with 10.1% of the total mass deposited in the alveolar region. Given our findings, the inhalation exposure level is mainly determined by printing conditions, particularly the filament type and manufacturer-recommended extruder temperature" |
| Keywords: | "Air Pollutants Air Pollution, Indoor Inhalation Exposure/*statistics & numerical data Lung Models, Theoretical Particle Size *Particulate Matter *Printing, Three-Dimensional Temperature Volatile Organic Compounds 3D printing inhalation exposure particulat;" |
| Notes: | "MedlinePark, Jihoon Kwon, Oh-Hun Yoon, Chungsik Park, Mijin eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't England 2020/09/03 Indoor Air. 2021 Mar; 31(2):392-404. doi: 10.1111/ina.12736. Epub 2020 Sep 20" |
