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Med Hypotheses

Title:		Olfactory and tissue markers of fear in mammals including humans
Author(s):		Hauser R; Wiergowski M; Kaliszan M; Gos T; Kernbach-Wighton G; Studniarek M; Jankowski Z; Namiesnik J;
Address:		"Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Debowa 23, 80-204 Gdansk, Poland. rohauser@gumed.edu.pl"
Journal Title:		Med Hypotheses
Year:		2011
Volume:		20110925
Issue:		6
Page Number:		1062 - 1067
DOI:		10.1016/j.mehy.2011.09.003
ISSN/ISBN:		1532-2777 (Electronic) 0306-9877 (Linking)
Abstract:		"Pheromones are a mysterious world of chemical signals involved in conspecific communication. They play a number of key functions important for preservation of life of individual organisms, for their defence, survival of offspring and preservation of species. The best-known groups of pheromones include: trail pheromones, territorial pheromones, sex pheromones, aggregation pheromones, dispersion pheromones, repellent pheromones, social pheromones and alarm pheromones. Alarm pheromones are pheromones that are emitted by animals in threatening situations and inform members of the same species of danger. The identified alarm pheromones are synthesised by insects and aquatic organisms. Also humans are able to emit and perceive pheromones. Although alarm pheromones have not been isolated and identified in man so far, there is presumably evidence for their presence in humans. Pinpointing human alarm pheromones, determinants of experienced stress and inductors of provoked fear could have widespread consequences. Their identification could also be of significant importance for the practical utilisation of results by institutions responsible for safety and defence as well as law enforcement/crime detection and antiterrorist activities"
Keywords:		"Afferent Pathways/physiology Animals Biomarkers/*analysis Body Fluids/chemistry Breath Tests Fear/*physiology Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Humans Mammals *Odorants Pheromones, Human/*analysis/isolation & purification/*physiology Solid Phase Microe;"
Notes:		"MedlineHauser, Roman Wiergowski, Marek Kaliszan, Michal Gos, Tomasz Kernbach-Wighton, Gerhard Studniarek, Michal Jankowski, Zbigniew Namiesnik, Jacek eng 2011/09/29 Med Hypotheses. 2011 Dec; 77(6):1062-7. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.09.003. Epub 2011 Sep 25"