| Title: | Synergistic effects of direct and indirect defences on herbivore egg survival in a wild crucifer |
| Author(s): | Fatouros NE; Pineda A; Huigens ME; Broekgaarden C; Shimwela MM; Figueroa Candia IA; Verbaarschot P; Bukovinszky T; |
| Address: | "Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands nina.fatouros@wur.nl. Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands. Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands Dutch Butterfly Conservation, Mennonietenweg 10, 6702 AD Wageningen, The Netherlands. Department of Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands. Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, PO Box 110680, Gainesville, FL, USA. Fundacion PROINPA, Avenida Elias Meneces Km 4, El Paso, Cochabamba, Bolivia. Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands" |
| ISSN/ISBN: | 1471-2954 (Electronic) 0962-8452 (Print) 0962-8452 (Linking) |
| Abstract: | "Evolutionary theory of plant defences against herbivores predicts a trade-off between direct (anti-herbivore traits) and indirect defences (attraction of carnivores) when carnivore fitness is reduced. Such a trade-off is expected in plant species that kill herbivore eggs by exhibiting a hypersensitive response (HR)-like necrosis, which should then negatively affect carnivores. We used the black mustard (Brassica nigra) to investigate how this potentially lethal direct trait affects preferences and/or performances of specialist cabbage white butterflies (Pieris spp.), and their natural enemies, tiny egg parasitoid wasps (Trichogramma spp.). Both within and between black mustard populations, we observed variation in the expression of Pieris egg-induced HR. Butterfly eggs on plants with HR-like necrosis suffered lower hatching rates and higher parasitism than eggs that did not induce the trait. In addition, Trichogramma wasps were attracted to volatiles of egg-induced plants that also expressed HR, and this attraction depended on the Trichogramma strain used. Consequently, HR did not have a negative effect on egg parasitoid survival. We conclude that even within a system where plants deploy lethal direct defences, such defences may still act with indirect defences in a synergistic manner to reduce herbivore pressure" |
| Keywords: | Animals Butterflies/*parasitology/*physiology Clutch Size Genetic Markers *Herbivory Mustard Plant/*physiology Ovum/parasitology Volatile Organic Compounds Wasps/physiology Pr1 Pieris rapae Trichogramma defence trade-offs hypersensitive response ovipositi; |
| Notes: | "MedlineFatouros, Nina E Pineda, Ana Huigens, Martinus E Broekgaarden, Colette Shimwela, Methew M Figueroa Candia, Ilich A Verbaarschot, Patrick Bukovinszky, Tibor eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't England 2014/07/11 Proc Biol Sci. 2014 Aug 22; 281(1789):20141254. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2014.1254" |
